Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut

She succeeded in 1345 her brother William II of Hainaut (William IV) following his death in battle with later Louis IV the Bavarian designating that Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Friesland were his wife's possessions.[2] Louis gave his support to Margaret because he was reportedly worried that the domains of her late brother would otherwise be lost to the empire.[3] Due to the dangerous hostility of the House of Luxemburg Louis increased his power base ruthlessly.

Margaret traveled to Hainault (Henegouwen) and was recognized there in her new position as ruler, and on 26 March, she left Hainault to visit her Northern domains of Holland and Zeeland. There were different difficulties in securing the position of Margaret in her three domains. In Holland and Zeeland, there were doubts as to whether female succession was legal, and while her gender was not a problem in Hainault, there where still the question of her sister's claims upon the domain.[4] Margaret granted the cities and citizens in Holland and Zeeland several economic privileges to secure her position.[5] The claims of her sisters were also addressed.

A parchment dated 7 September 1346 in Frankfurt, of which the seal is destroyed, announces that Louis IV of Bavaria, Emperor of the Holy Germanic Empire bestows for himself and his heirs, in the name of his spouse, the empress Margaret, to never cede, divide or bestow the counties of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland and the palatine of Frisia, which belong to his wife, Margaret II (of Avesnes), Countess of Hainault and to her heirs, excepting the rights of her sisters and after her death, to William (future William III, Count of Hainault) Duke (I) of Bavaria, and after his decease to Albert (future Albert I, Count of Hainaut) [6] and later these passed to their son William V. Margaret's sisters, including Philippa of Hainault who was Queen consort of Edward III of England disavowed their hereditary claims.[7]

Margaret ruled her three domains directly for seven months, after which she was called back to Germany by her spouse, and appointed her second son William to rule in her absence.[8][9]

When Louis IV died on 11 October 1347, he was succeeded by his six sons, and in connection to this, Margaret resigned her sovereignty in favor of her son William in exchange for an allowance.[10] In 1349 the brothers decided to partition their possessions; Louis V, Duke of Bavaria kept Brandenburg and Tyrol, he and his younger brothers Louis VI the Roman and Otto V the Bavarian received Upper Bavaria. Stephen II, William and Albert received Lower Bavaria, Holland and Hainaut. Louis V and Stephen were not sons of Margaret, and her youngest sons Albert and Otto were still minors. Louis VI released Holland and Hainault for his brothers William and Albert in 1349 since he expected the Polish crown by his marriage with Cunigunde of Poland. In 1353 also Stephen released Holland and Hainault to his brother William.

However, a conflict soon arose between Margaret and her son William, as he refused to honor the terms in her abdication document by withholding the allowance she had demanded in turn for abdicating in his favor.[11] Willem's opposition among the nobles of Holland asked Margaret to return to run Holland again, and in March 1350, Margaret had returned to Henegouwen, where she retracted her abdication in 1 June.[12] The Cod League was formed on 23 May 1350 by a number of supporters of William, and on 5 September of the same year, the Hook League was formed in support of Margaret.[13] Soon afterward these factions clashed and a civil war began, known as the Hook and Cod wars.

Margaret and the war between mother and son was controversial, and her right to Holland was always considered to be of dubious legality, as this domain was at that time regarded as reserved for men, though the same thing was not raised when it came to her right to Hainaut.[14]

After the destruction of several strongholds of Margaret and a defeat of her forces at two sea battles in 1351, Edward III of England, Margaret's brother-in-law through her sister Philippa of Hainault, came to her aid, winning a naval engagement off Veere in 1351; a few weeks later the Hooks and their English allies were defeated by William and the Cods at Vlaardingen, a defeat which ruined Margaret's cause. Edward III shortly afterwards changed sides and in 1354, Margaret saw herself compelled to come to an understanding with her son: he being recognized as count of Holland and Zeeland, and she being secured as ruling countess of Hainault in her lifetime.[15]

Margaret ruled Hainault for two more years, and died at Le Quesnoy Castle of infectious tuberculosis 23 June 1356, leaving William in possession of the entire Holland-Hainault inheritance. She was buried in the Minderbroeders Abbey in Valenciennes.