Lithuanian Activist Front

Lithuanian Activist Front or LAF (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas) was a short-lived resistance organization established in 1940 after Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union. The goal of the organization was to liberate Lithuania and re-establish its independence. It planned and executed the June Uprising and established the short-lived Provisional Government of Lithuania. The Government self-disbanded and LAF was banned by Nazi authorities in September 1941. LAF remains controversial due to its anti-Semitic and anti-Polish positions.

Under the USSR
Kazys Škirpa, one of the main founders of LAF

LAF was established on 17 November 1940.[1] Kazys Škirpa, former Lithuanian military attaché to Germany, is often credited as the founder.[1] LAF was meant to unite people of various political beliefs, who wanted to see Lithuania as an independent country, rather than as part of the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany.[2] The Berlin unit, formed by Kazys Škirpa, united mainly former Lithuanian expatriates and diplomats in Germany. It gathered representatives of most major pre-war Lithuanian factions and parties, and within LAF, the most influential were the Nationalist Unionists and the Christian Democrats.[1]

As time passed, local LAF units were formed in various Lithuanian cities. The local LAF units were organizing espionage networks.[1] The local LAF units in Lithuanian cities maintained more liberal political views than the Berlin headquarters. Lack of correspondence between the Berlin unit and Lithuanian units prevented discussions of ideology. In Germany, LAF had contact with Wilhelm Franz Canaris and Abwehr, but not the Nazi party. LAF expected that Nazi Germany would attack the Soviet Union and planned to use this occasion for their own rebellion and establishment of independent Lithuania.

On 22 April 1941, representatives of Vilnius and Kaunas branches of LAF formed the Provisional Government of Lithuania, i.e. established a list of its members.[3] LAF formed the Lithuanian underground government planning to take over the country when the Soviet army would be pushed out by the German army. The Provisional Government was mainly formed out of Vilnius and Kaunas sections of LAF. However, two of its members, including the prime minister Kazys Škirpa, were in Germany and were later detained there. Over time, many people from this government, as well as other LAF members, were arrested, executed, or exiled by Soviet authorities.

June Uprising
Main article: June Uprising in Lithuania
Leonas Prapuolenis, commander of June Uprising. After Germans banned LAF, was arrested and sent to Dachau concentration camp.
LAF activists inspect the deprived T-38 tank from the Red Army in Kaunas
Lithuanian activists in Kaunas on June 25, 1941

Germany declared war on the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, and the same day LAF started the June Uprising. LAF partisans aided the Germans. The next day, June 23, independence of Lithuania was declared. In whole Lithuania about 10 000 people participated in June Uprising, 700 of them were killed by retreating Soviet army. LAF freed 3336 political prisoners, detained by the Soviets.[4] Short-handed Provisional Government took power on June 24. On June 21 four members of the government were arrested by the Soviet authorities, supposed prime minister Kazys Škirpa was put under house arrest in Berlin, and another minister was also unable to come. Juozas Ambrazevičius became the prime minister.

However, the negotiations with Germany over the recognition of Lithuania failed, as Nazi government had no interest in an independent Lithuania. General feldmarschall Walther von Brauchitsch issued a directive on 26 June 1941 to the commander of Army Group North, under which "small armed Lithuanian groups and Lithuanian police" should be disarmed and sent to the concentration camps.[5] Disarmament of LAF activists started by Wehrmacht in Kaunas on June 26 and lasted till 28 of June. Last LAF activists were disarmed in Zarasai and Obeliai on 28-29 of June. The German authorities did not use brutal force against its members. Rather, they established their own administrative structures (Reichskommissariat Ostland) and slowly deprived the government of its powers. The government lost all of its power in a few weeks, and seeing no more reason to continue work, dissolved itself in August 1941. LAF as an organization remained. On 15 of September it sent a memorandum About the status of Lithuania after the German Civil Administration started to operate (Apie Lietuvos būklę, vokiečių civilinei administracijai pradėjus veikti)[6] to Germany protesting against the occupation of Lithuania and expressing hopes that Germany would not extend its territory at expense of Lithuania. In response, the Lithuanian Activist Front was banned on September 26; its property confiscated, and its leader Leonas Prapuolenis was arrested and sent to Dachau concentration camp. Other members like Pilypas Narutis-Žukauskas, Petras Paulaitis joined anti-nazi resistance.

Controversy
Soviet poststamp with LAF overprint Independent Lithuania 1941 06 23

The LAF is a controversial organization because of its anti-Semitic[7] and anti-Polish[1] views and overall collaboration with the Nazi Germany. For example, LAF's manifesto-type essay "What Are the Activists Fighting for?" states: "The Lithuanian Activist Front, by restoring the new Lithuania, is determined to carry out an immediate and fundamental purging of the Lithuanian nation and its land of Jews ...".[8] The LAF's pro-Nazi rhetoric and stridently anti-Semitic propaganda that equated Jews with Bolshevism and was widely disseminated in Lithuania prior to and during the June uprising likely encouraged the local population to engage in mass violence against Jews that began prior to the arrival of Nazi forces in the country and continued during the Nazi occupation (1941-1945).

"Have no hopeful illusions! There is no place in Lithuania for you anymore! The Lithuanian people, arising for a new life, consider you traitors and will treat you as traitors should be treated." – LAF Pamphlet Addressing Lithuania's Jews, Spring 1941 [9]
"It would be very important to take advantage of this occasion to get rid of the Jews. Therefore, there must be such an anti-Jewish climate in the country that not a single Jew would even dare to imagine that the Jews would have any minimal rights or any chance for subsistence in the new Lithuania. Our aim is to compel the Jews to flee Lithuania together with the Red Army troops and Russians. The more Jews abandon Lithuania under these circumstances, the easier it will be later to achieve complete liberation from the Jews. The hospitality that Vytautas the Great offered to the Jews in Lithuania has been revoked for all times for the ongoing betrayal of the Lithuanian nation." – LAF Pamphlet "Guidlines for the Liberation of Lithuania", March 1941 [10]

More than 95% of Lithuania's Jewish population was massacred during the Nazi occupation—a more complete destruction than befell any other country affected by the Holocaust. Historians attribute this to the massive collaboration in the genocide by the non-Jewish local paramilitaries, though the reasons for this collaboration are still debated.[11][12][13][14] The Holocaust resulted in the largest-ever loss of life in so short a period of time in the history of Lithuania.[14]

The goal of the June uprising organized by the LAF was to seize control of Lithuania as Soviet forces retreated in the face of Germany's attack. During the June uprising, LAF paramilitaries committed many atrocities (rapes, murders, pillage). Even the Germans referred to these "allies" as "organized robbers".[1] Also, a number of acts issued by the LAF-instituted Provisional Government of Lithuania discriminated against Jews, one notable example being "Žydų padėties nuostatai" (English: Regulation on Status of Jews), which according to some authors were never actually adopted and only considered by the Provisional Government.[15] The LAF did unsuccessfully attempt to stop a pogrom organized by Algirdas Klimaitis in Vilijampolė.[16] Upon hearing that Klimaitis was to start a pogrom in Vilijampole suburb on June 25, the LAF staff in Kaunas unsuccessfully attempted to stop him. Later, the Provisional Government of Lithuania detailed Generals Reklaitis and Pundzevičius of the LAF Defense Committee to confer with him. Wearing a Lithuanian flag draped across his chest, Klimaitis met the two former Lithuanians generals and unsuccessfully attempted to justify his actions. The generals succeeded in convincing this upstart that his actions were darkening the Lithuanian name and that he was doing the Nazis' dirty work for them.[16]

Among the initial tactics of Nazi authorities was to surreptitiously encourage and involve the local population in attacks on Jews. These tactics are well disclosed in the Schutzstaffel General Brigadeführer and Security Police Chief of the Occupied Eastern Territories Franz Walter Stahlecker 1941 X.15 report to the Reich Minister Heinrich Himmler. In his report to Heinrich Himmler about his tasks (the extermination of Jews in the Baltic states) execution, Franz Walter Stahlecker states that the extermination of Jews in the Wehrmacht occupied territories should be performed in a way that the Nazis would remain "clean" in front of the history and that there would be no sign of Nazis actual inspiration, organization or conducting, and it should look like that the local population and its institutions in their own initiative performed the execution of the Jewish population.[17][18][19][20]

"Considering that the population of the Baltic countries has suffered very heavily under the government of Bolshevism and Jewry while they were incorporated in the USSR, it was to be expected that after the liberation from that foreign government, they (i.e. the population themselves) would render harmless most of the enemies left behind after the retreat of the Red Army. It was the duty of the security police to set in motion these self-cleansing movements and to direct them into the correct channels in order to accomplish the purpose of the cleansing operation as quickly as possible. It was no less important in view of the future to establish the unshakable and provable fact that the liberated population themselves took the most severe measure against the Bolshevist and Jewish enemy quite on their own so that the direction by German authorities could not be found out"

— Henry A. Zeiger, citing the General Franz Walter Stahlecker report 1941.X.15 to the Reich Minister Heinrich Himmler.[21][18]

"On the basis of our instructions, the Security Police has initiated the solution of the Jewish question with all possible dispatch. However, we deemed it advisable that the Security Police should not put in an immediate appearance, as the extraordinarily harsh measures pursued might have a negative reaction, even in German circles. It is our purpose to show the world that the native population itself undertook to suppress the Jews"

— Philip Friedman, citing other words from the same SS Brigadeführer Franz Stahlecker, Commander of Eisatzgruppe A, operating in Baltic countries report.[21][19]

"However, Stahlecker, who proceeded to recruit his mercenaries from fascist partisan units, jobless police, and the underworld, discovered to his surprise and chagrin that Lithuanians, as a rule, shied away from the opportunity offered them by the Thousand-Year Reich. "It was not a simple matter", Stahlecker complained, "to organize an effective action against the Jews."

— Philip Friedman, describing the Lithuanians cooperation with Nazis.[21][19]

In this regard, the LAF and its paramilitaries initially proved handy. Meanwhile, the LAF-established Provisional Government of Lithuania did little to oppose the anti-Jewish violence and murder carried out by the Nazis and their local collaborators. Its main goal was to protect ethnic Lithuanians and reestablish an independent Lithuania under the patronage of Nazi Germany. Lithuanian Minister of National Defence General Stasys Raštikis (former Commander of the Lithuanian Army) met personally with the Nazi Germany Generals to discuss anti-Jewish violence.[22] He approached the Kaunas War Field Commandant General Robert von Pohl and the Commander of Army Group North Rear Area General Franz von Roques by trying to plead on behalf of the Jews, however they replied that the Gestapo is handling these issues and that they cannot help.[23]

"I explained that the Lithuanian Provisional Government, like in many other issues, is totally helpless and cannot do anything. They themselves knew that well. I promised the delegates to raise the Jewish affair in favorable terms to them in the German Military Leadership, because I had no business with the Gestapo."

— Lithuanian Minister of National Defence of the Provisional Government General Stasys Raštikis, about his conversation with the Jewish delegation, which consisted of the Former Chief Rabbi of the Lithuanian Armed Forces Samuelis Sniegas and Reserve lieutenant Goldberg (who was previously imprisoned by the Soviets due to his relations with the Lithuanian Army), during their visit to his house asking to facilitate their situation in the ghetto.[21][24]

"I began telling to him that the Lithuanian Government and society is very concerned about the German action against the Jews. Gen. Pohl declared that he cannot do anything with this matter, but he offered me to speak with the General von Roques. I asked von Pohl to take a trip to that General. He accepted and we traveled to the former Palace of the Lithuanian Army Chiefs, where gen. von Roques headquarters were established . . . Von Roques accepted us. In the conversation Gen. lt. von Roques, Gen. mjr. von Pohl, General Roques headquarters Chief of Colonel General Staff Kriegsheim, General adjutant and me participated. Adjutant stenographed the whole conversation. I began narrating about the Lithuanian society and Government dissatisfaction and concern about the persecution and extermination of the Lithuanian Jews started by the Germans.

"You (Lithuanians) are not yet used to it, but you will have to get used to it", the host interrupted in my narration.

"No, Mr. General, we will not get used to it", I replied.

"But it is performed not by the German Army, but by the Gestapo".

"Yes, Mr. General, but our Government and me myself think that now, during the war, and especially in Lithuania, which currently is in the closest military actions back, the military authority has not only the biggest, but also the highest power . . . That is why I arrived to You to express our greatest dissatisfaction and concern in this matter and to demand that the campaign against Jews in Kaunas and in the province now be stopped".

I saw that the general did not liked my statement, but he quickly have taken hold and started to make excuses that it is Gestapo workspace . . . General von Pohl agreed to my thought that this Gestapo action is exciting for the local Lithuanian residents. After a longer conversation, the host declared that about the Lithuanians moods and my statement he will inform the higher institutions. The conversation finished in this way . . . But by saying goodbye, gen. von Roques all unexpectedly poured cold water on my head. By saying goodbye and giving his hand to me, he declared:

"Mr. General, do not worry and don’t be concerned, this action will end soon."

It means, the senior military commander in Lithuania was speaking not about the suspension of the action, but about its ending . . .

I was not able to report the Prime Minister about anything joyful, because of the General von Roques sentence that slipped from his lips that the Gestapo action against Jews will end soon. It did not said anything good, because it was possible to understand that the provided number of Jews will soon be destroyed . . .

After a few days, during the visit of the Rabbi Samuelis Sniegas, I was only able to tell that I tried to win something in this matter in the German Military Command, however from what I was able to experience, we cannot do any optimistic conclusions."

— Lithuanian Minister of National Defence of the Provisional Government General Stasys Raštikis, about his visit to the Nazi Generals due to the Jewish people situation.[21][25]

Participants of the last session of the Provisional Government of Lithuania, who signed a protest for the Germans actions of suspending the Lithuanian government powers
Funeral of perished Lithuanian Activist Front members in Kaunas on June 26, 1941

At the beginning of the occupation, Acting Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Lithuania Juozas Ambrazevičius (a.k.a., Juozas Brazaitis) convened a meeting in which cabinet ministers participated together with former President Kazys Grinius, Bishop Vincentas Brizgys and others.

Ministers expressed distress at the atrocities being committed against the Jews, but advised only that "despite all the measures which must be taken against the Jews for their Communist activity and harm done to the German Army, partisans and individuals should avoid public executions of Jews."[26] According to Lithuanian-American Holocaust historian Saulius Sužiedėlis, "none of this amounted to a public scolding which alone could have persuaded at least some of the Lithuanians who had volunteered or been co-opted into participating in the killings to rethink their behavior." Lithuanian paramilitary battalions formed by the LAF and Provisional Government (known as Lithuanian TDA Battalions) were eventually enlisted by the Nazis to help carry out the Holocaust.[27]

The Reichskommissariat Ostland, German Civil Administration (Zivilverwaltung) was established on July 17.[28] Instead of using brute force, the Civil Administration slowly removed the government's powers (for example, did not allow to print its decrees in newspapers or broadcast radio announcements) and supplanted its institutions, forcing the Provisional Government to either self-disband or to become a puppet institution.[29] Willing to cooperate if that meant recognition and some semblance to autonomy, the government did not agree to become an instrument of German occupation.[29] The government self-disbanded on August 5 after signing a protest for the Germans actions of suspending the Lithuanian Government powers. Members of the Provisional Government then in corpore went to the Garden of the Vytautas the Great War Museum, where they laid wreath near the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the presence of numerous audience. Sicherheitsdienst confiscated the pictures of the wreath-laying ceremony, thinking that it could be dangerous for the German occupation policy in Lithuania.[30]

The Lithuanian TDA Battalions were soon taken over by Nazi officials and reorganized into the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions (Lithuanian version of Schutzmannschaft).[31] The original TDA eventually became the 12th and the 13th Police Battalions. These two units took an active role in mass killings of the Jews in Lithuania and Belarus.[32] Based on the Jäger Report, members of TDA murdered about 26,000 Jews between July and December 1941.[33]

Later Juozas Ambrazevičius actively participated in the anti-Nazi underground, four members of the Provisional Government were imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camps.[34]

There are allegations by certain journalists that, in 1973, a Committee of the United States Congress made conclusions that there is no Prime Minister of the Provisional Government Juozas Ambrazevičius' and Jonas Šlepetys' guilty in the Holocaust in Lithuania.[35][36][37] It is also known that in the summer of 1944 Ambrazevičius left for Germany, and in 1948 for the United States, where he edited a Catholic daily, Darbininkas, and continued his work in the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania in exile. He published a number of leaflets illustrating German and Soviet crimes in Lithuania and the Lithuanian resistance, for example, In the Name of the Lithuanian People (1946) and Appeal to the United Nations on Genocide (1951). In 1964 he published a book Alone, all alone about the Lithuanian armed resistance. The Kremlin actively opposed his activities. In the 1970s he became a subject of interest for the Soviet media and American hunters of Nazi colloborators, who accused him of having worked for the Third Reich. In reply, he published an extensive dossier of his World War II activities.[38]

During the 2012 reburial ceremony of the Juozas Ambrazevičius remains in Kaunas, adviser to Lithuanian Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius also noted that a 1975 investigation by US Immigration found no evidence of Ambrazevičius/Brazaitis being involved in anti-Semitic or pro-Nazi activities.[39] However, according to a subsequent clarification issued in 2019 by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the US Congress, the investigation was not conclusive and did not amount to a "rehabilitation" of Ambrazevičius/Brazaitis. The investigation into his wartime activities was discontinued after Ambrazevičius/Brazaitis passed away in 1974.[40]

References
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