List of sieges of Constantinople
There were many sieges of Constantinople during the history of the Byzantine Empire. Two of them resulted in the capture of Constantinople from Byzantine rule: in 1204 by the Fourth Crusade, and in 1453 by the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II.
The final siege of Constantinople in 1453 (contemporary miniature)
Bulgarian, Persian, Avar, Slavonic, Goths and Arab sieges
- Siege of Constantinopole (378) by Goths, unsuccessful[1]
- Siege of Constantinople (626), by Avars, Slavs, and the Sassanid Persians, unsuccessful
- Siege of Constantinople (654), by the Umayyad Caliphate, unsuccessful
- Siege of Constantinople (674–678), by the Umayyad Caliphate, unsuccessful
- Siege of Constantinople (717–718), by the Umayyad Caliphate, unsuccessful
- Siege of Constantinople (813), by Krum of Bulgaria, unsuccessful
Rus' sieges
- Siege of Constantinople (860), by the Rus'
- Siege of Constantinople (907), by the Rus' in 904/907
- Siege of Constantinople (941), by the Rus'
Sieges and attacks during Byzantine civil wars
- Siege of Constantinople (821–822), by rebel forces under Thomas the Slav
- Siege of Constantinople (1047), by rebel forces under Leo Tornikios
- Siege of Constantinople (1376), a 32-day siege by Andronikos IV Palaiologos with the support of the Ottoman Empire
Crusades
- Crusader attack on Blachernae (1101), as part of the Crusade of 1101. Walls partly breached.
- Siege of Constantinople (1203), first siege by the Fourth Crusade, in which Alexius IV was able to usurp the throne after Alexius III fled to Thrace; objectives achieved and the siege lifted
- Sack of Constantinople (1204), second siege by the Fourth Crusade, in which the Byzantines were overwhelmed and the city thoroughly sacked, successful
Nicaean sieges
- Siege of Constantinople (1235), by joint Bulgarian and Nicaean forces, unsuccessful
- A Nicaean attack on Constantinople is implied by George Akropolites's account for 1248, but no details are known
- Siege of Constantinople (1260), by the Empire of Nicaea, unsuccessful
- Reconquest of Constantinople (1261)
Ottoman sieges
- An Ottoman blockade between 1390 and 1402, first interrupted by the Crusade of Nicopolis, then lifted due to the Battle of Ankara
- Siege of Constantinople (1411), a short Ottoman siege that occurred during the Ottoman Interregnum, unsuccessful
- Siege of Constantinople (1422), the first large-scale siege of the city by the Ottomans, unsuccessful
- Fall of Constantinople in 1453, after an Ottoman siege, successful
References
- Edward Gibbon The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Modern Library, 2003. p.495-496
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