List of offshore wind farms in the United States

Offshore wind power is in the early stages of development in the United States. The first commercial offshore wind farm the 30 megawatt (MW) Block Island Wind Farm off the coast of Rhode Island began operation in 2016. More projects are now underway and, as of 2017, about 30 projects totalling 24 gigawatts (GW) of potential installed capacity were being planned.[1] In 2016, the United States Department of Energy estimated that the country has a gross resource potential of 10,800GW of offshore wind capacity, with a "technical" resource potential of 2,058GW.[2]

Overview

Offshore wind projects are under development in wind-rich areas of the U.S. East Coast, Great Lakes, and Pacific coast. In January 2012, a "Smart for the Start" regulatory approach was introduced, designed to expedite the siting process while incorporating strong environmental protections. Specifically, the Department of Interior approved “wind energy areas” off the coast where projects can move through the regulatory approval process more quickly.[3] The NOAA Coastal Services Center (CSC) has released a cadastre web tool to illustrate suitability of Eastern seaboard areas.[4]

To comply with the Jones Act of US ships staffed by US personnel for US projects,[5][6] specially built vessels for $300 million could economically supply a schedule of 4 GW projects over 10 years.[7]

The state of New York has set of target of 2,400 megawatts (MW) of offshore wind to be built by 2030. The neighbouring state of New Jersey is aiming for 3,500MW by that same date.[8] In 2016, an update to Massachusetts energy law committed the state to purchasing 1,600MW of offshore wind by 2027,[9] of which the first half was later awarded to Vineyard Wind (see project list below).[10]

In 2019, the University of Delaware and the Danish Energy and Climate Academy jointly opened the first US skills training program for offshore wind energy professionals.[11]

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management is a federal agency responsible for determining offshore areas where wind farms may be built on the Outer Continental Shelf.[12] It sells leases to qualified bidders.[13]

Experimental and exploratory projects

First floating turbine

North America’s first floating wind turbine was the 20 kW Volturn US, which was lowered into the Penobscot River in Maine in 2013.[14][15][16][17] It is a University of Maine project.[18][19][20]

Federally-funded research projects

In May 2014, the United States Department of Energy chose three offshore wind projects to receive up to $47 million apiece over a four-year period:

As of 2020, the United States Department of Energy is funding two demonstration projects:[33]

  • University of Maine's Aqua Ventus I, which plans to use a semisubmersible floating concrete foundation design
  • Lake Erie Energy Development Corporation's (LEEDCo's) Icebreaker project

Operational utility scale

The 30MW Block Island Wind Farm in Rhode Island is the first commercial offshore wind farm in the United States and started operation in December 2016.

List of proposed wind farms on the United States' Atlantic Coast

The following table lists largest offshore wind farm areas (by nameplate capacity) that are in various states development for the Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters of the East Coast of the United States.[34] where a Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) wind energy area (WEA) lease has been secured[35][36] and have gained at least some required regulatory approval before construction can begin. Distances are approximated and generally represent closest point of turbine array to shoreline, while acreage represents size of total lease area, which may be shared, and not the blocks within them allocated for the wind farm.

Wind farm Offshore BOEM wind energy lease area States Coordinates Capacity
(MW)
Turbines Developer/Utility Regulatory agency Refs
Ocean WindOffshore New Jersey
OCS-A 0498
(NJWEA South)[37]
13 nautical miles-15 miles (24 km) east of Atlantic City (NJ)[38]160,480 acres (64,940 ha)NJ39.366111°N 74.414167°W / 39.366111; -74.4141671,100MW90 Haliade-X 12 MWØrsted
PSEG
NJBPU[39][40][41][42][43]
Sunrise WindOffshore Massachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[44]
26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) east of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)NY880MWSiemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Con Ed Transmission
New York Power Authority
NYSERDA[45][46][47]
Empire WindOffshore New York
OCS-A 0512
(Hudson North)[48][49]
12 nautical miles 14 miles (23 km) south of Jones Beach Island, Long Island (NY) at New York Bight79,350 acres (32,110 ha)NY816MW60-80EquinorNYSERDA[50][51][52][46][47]
Vineyard WindOffshore Massachusetts
OCS-A 0501[53][54]
13 nautical miles -15 miles (24 km) west of Marthas Vineyard (MA)166,886 acres (67,536 ha)MA800MW84 MHI Vestas V164-9.5MWAvangrid
Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners
[55][56][57][58]
Revolution WindOffshore Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[44]
halfway between Montauk Point (NY) & Martha’s Vineyard (MA)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
CT
700MWSiemens Gamesa 8MW SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
National Grid
United Illuminating
Connecticut DEEP
Rhode Island PUC
[59][60]
Marwind
Offhore Maryland
OCS-A 0490[61]
26 nautical miles -30 miles (48 km) east of Ocean City (MD)79,707 acres (32,256 ha)MD248MW32US WindMaryland PSC[62][63][64][65][66][67]
South ForkMassachusetts & Rhode Island
OCS-A 0486 (North Lease Area)[44][68]
26 nautical miles-30 miles (48 km) southeast of Montauk Point, Long Island (NY) & 16.6 nautical miles-19 miles (31 km) southeast of Block Island (RI)97,498 acres (39,456 ha)RI
NY
130MW8 Siemens Gamesa SG 8.0-167Ørsted
Eversource
Long Island Power Authority
NYSERDA[69][70][71][47]
SkipjackOffshore Delaware
OCS-A 0519[72]
16.9 nautical miles-19.5 miles (31.4 km) from coast of Delaware to Maryland state line26,332 acres (10,656 ha)[73]MD
DE
38.565°N 74.779°W / 38.565; -74.779120MW10 12MW GE Haliade-XØrstedMaryland PSC[74][65][66]

Abandoned, postponed or decommissioned

See also

Notes

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  2. "Computing America's Offshore Wind Energy Potential". U.S. Department of Energy. 9 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  3. Kit Kennedy (2 February 2012). "Offshore Wind One Step Closer to Reality in the Mid-Atlantic". Renewable Energy World.
  4. Offshore Wind Development - Site Suitability Prototype National Ocean Service. Accessed: 4 February 2011. Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  5. Merchant, Emma Foehringer (13 October 2017). "This Controversial Law Could Stifle the US Offshore Wind Market". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  6. Papavizas, Charlie (21 March 2019). "Forming joint ventures to construct US offshore wind farms". www.renewableenergyworld.com. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  7. "U.S. Jones Act Compliant Offshore Wind Turbine Installation Vessel Study" October 2017
  8. "Two big wind farms to rise off coast of Martha's Vineyard". Boston Globe. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  9. "Offshore wind finally gets blowing in the US". Vox. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  10. "After a decade of dithering, the US east coast went all in on offshore wind power this week". Quartz. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  11. "Offshore Wind Skills Academy". University of Delaware Div. of Professional and Continuing Studies. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
  12. "State Activities". boem.gov. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  13. Cardwell, Diane (2015-01-30). "Offshore Wind Farm Leases Draw Few Bids from Wary Industry". The New York Times.
  14. "VolturnUS 1:8 Launched: Maine Brings U.S. Offshore Wind Dream to Reality". Offshore Wind. June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  15. Danko, Pete (2013-05-31). "First US Floating Wind Turbine Launches In Maine". EarthTechling. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  16. Russo, Gene (2014). "Renewable energy: Wind power tests the waters". Nature News & Comment. 513 (7519): 478–480. Bibcode:2014Natur.513..478R. doi:10.1038/513478a. PMID 25254459. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
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  31. "Blue Water wins four projects".
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  35. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/environmental-stewardship/Mid-Atlantic-Regional-Planning-Body/RenEn-Program-8.28.19_2.pdf
  36. "State Activities | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management".
  37. "Commercial Wind Leasing Offshore New Jersey | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management".
  38. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/renewable-energy-program/State-Activities/NJ/NJ-LEASE-FORM-OCS-A-0498.pdf
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