List of glossing abbreviations
This page lists common abbreviations for grammatical terms that are used in linguistic interlinear glossing.
Note the following:
- Abbreviations beginning with N- (a common prefix for non-) may not be listed separately. Abbreviations ending with -Z (a common suffix for -izer) are treated similarly. For example, NPST non-past and TRZ transitivizer are not listed below, as they are composable from N- non- + PST past and TR transitive + -Z -izer.
- Abbreviations are generally written in all caps or—apart from the terms A, S, O and P—in small caps, to distinguish them from lexical words.
| Gloss | Meaning | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| › | direction of transitivity or possession in polypersonal agreement (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum) | ? |
| 0 | zero (null), covert form (such as gender in a language where the word does not show it) | ? |
| 1 | first person | [1] |
| 2 | second person | [1] |
| 3 | third person | [1] |
| A | agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb | [1] |
| AB | abstract | ? |
| ABE | abessive case (AKA caritive case or privative case: 'without') | ? |
| ABL | ablative case ('from') | [1] |
| ABS | absolutive case | [1] |
| ACC | accusative case | [1] |
| ACCOM | accompanier | ? |
| ACT | active voice, actor role (in role and reference grammar) | ? |
| ADJ | adjective | [1] |
| ADE | adessive case ('at'; more specific than LOC) | ? |
| ADM | admonitive mood (warning) | ? |
| ADV | adverb(ial), adverbial case | [1] |
| AFF | affirmative | ? |
| AG, AGT | agentive case (cf ACT) | ? |
| AGR | agreement | [1] |
| ALL | allative case ('to') | [1] |
| AL, ALLOC | allocutive agreement | ? |
| ALIEN | alienable possession | ? |
| AN | animate gender (cf R) | ? |
| AND | andative ('going towards', cf venitive) | ? |
| ANT | anterior tense (used for PRF in some traditions) | ? |
| ANTE | antessive case ('before') | ? |
| ANTIC | anticausative | ? |
| ANTIP (AP) | antipassive voice | [1] |
| AOR | aorist (= PFV or PST.PFV) | ? |
| APP | apposition | ? |
| APPL (APL) | applicative voice | [1] |
| APPR | apprehensive mood | ? |
| APRX | approximative | ? |
| ART | article | [1] |
| ASP | aspect | ? |
| ASS | associative case (= COM), assumptive mood, assertive mood | ? |
| AT | agent trigger (= AV agent voice) | ? |
| ATT | attenuative | ? |
| ATTR | attributive | ? |
| AUD | auditory evidential | ? |
| AUG | augmentative | ? |
| AUX | auxiliary verb | [1] |
| B | benefactive (when it is a core argument) | ? |
| BE | 'be' verb (a conflation of EXIST and COP) | ? |
| BEN | benefactive case ('for') | [1] |
| C | common gender; complementizer | ? |
| CAP | (cap)ability, modal case | ? |
| CAUS (CAU) | causative | [1] |
| CENT | centric case | ? |
| CF | counterfactual conditional | ? |
| CIRC | circumfix | ? |
| CIT | citation form | ? |
| CLF (CL) | classifier | [1] |
| CMPD | compound | ? |
| CNJ | conjunction (= CONJ) | ? |
| CNSQ | consequential mood | ? |
| CNTR | contrastive | ? |
| COL | collective number | ? |
| COM | comitative case ('together with') | [1] |
| COMP | complementizer (comparative) | [1] |
| COMPL (CPL) | completive aspect | [1] |
| CON | concrete | ? |
| CONC | concessive | ? |
| COND | conditional mood | [1] |
| CONJ | conjunction (= CNJ) | ? |
| CONN | connective particle | ? |
| CONT, CTN | continuous aspect; continuative aspect | ? |
| COP | copula | [1] |
| COR | coreference | ? |
| CRAS | crastinal tense ('tomorrow') | ? |
| CRS | current relevance marker (as in the perfect) | ? |
| CVB | converb | [1] |
| D | core dative case | ? |
| DAT | dative case | [1] |
| DE | different event, change of event (cf DS) | ? |
| DECL (DEC) | declarative mood | [1] |
| DEF | definite | [1] |
| DEI, DEIX | deixis, deictic | ? |
| DEL | delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) | ? |
| DEL | delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood | ? |
| DEM | demonstrative | [1] |
| DEO | deontic mood | ? |
| DEP | dependent (as in DEP.FUT) | ? |
| DER | derivation, derivational | ? |
| DES, DESI | desiderative mood | ? |
| DEST | destinative aspect | ? |
| DET | determiner | [1] |
| DETR | detransitive | ? |
| DH | motion downhill, seaward (cf DR) | ? |
| DIM | diminutive | ? |
| DIR | direct evidential (= EXP); directional (= LAT); direct case | ? |
| DISJ | disjunction | ? |
| DIST | distal demonstrative | [1] |
| DISTR | distributive case | [1] |
| DITR | ditransitive | ? |
| DLM | delimited | ? |
| DM | discourse marker | ? |
| DO | direct object | ? |
| DR | motion downriver (cf DH) | ? |
| DS | different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf DE) | ? |
| DU | dual number | [1] |
| DUB | dubitative mood | ? |
| DUR | durative aspect (continuous aspect) | [1] |
| DY, DYAD | dyadic | ? |
| DYN | dynamic aspect | ? |
| E | epenthetic morpheme | ? |
| -E | (used to form various -essive cases) | ? |
| ELA | elative case ('out of') | ? |
| EMP | emphatic | ? |
| EPIS | epistemic mood or modality | ? |
| ERG | ergative case | [1] |
| ESS | essive case | ? |
| EV, EVID | evidential | ? |
| EVIT | evitative case (= aversive case) | ? |
| EXCL (EX) | exclusive person | [1] |
| EXCLAM | exclamative | ? |
| EX.DUR | excessive duration | ? |
| EXESS | exessive case | ? |
| EXH | exhortative | ? |
| EXIST | existential ('there is') | ? |
| EXO | exocentric case | ? |
| EXP, EXPER | experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential | ? |
| EXPL | expletive (dummy / meaningless form) | ? |
| F (FEM) | feminine gender | [1] |
| FACT | factive evidential | ? |
| FAM | familiar register (as the T–V distinction) | ? |
| FIN | finite verb | ? |
| FOC | focus | [1] |
| FORM | formal register (as the T–V distinction) | ? |
| FP | final particle (joshi) | ? |
| FR, FREQ | frequentative aspect | ? |
| FMR | former, deceased | ? |
| FUT | future tense | [1] |
| G | gender (G4 = the 4th gender) | ? |
| GEN | genitive case | [1] |
| GER | gerund | ? |
| GNO | gnomic (generic) aspect | ? |
| GT | goal trigger (Austronesian; = GV goal voice) | ? |
| HAB | habitual aspect | ? |
| HBL | humble register | ? |
| HEST | hesternal tense ('yesterday') | ? |
| HIST | historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense | ? |
| HOD | hodiernal tense ('today') | ? |
| HON | honorific | ? |
| HORT | hortative | ? |
| HSY | hearsay, reported evidential | ? |
| HUM | human, anthropic gender (cf. HBL; R) | ? |
| HYP | hypothetical mood | ? |
| I | inflected | ? |
| ID | identical (~ NID) | ? |
| IDENTIF | identifiable | ? |
| IDEO | ideophone (≈ MIM) | ? |
| IGNOR | ignorative | ? |
| ILL | illative case ('into') | ? |
| IMM | immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense | ? |
| IMP | imperative mood | [1] |
| IMPERF | imperfect (= PST.IPFV) | ? |
| IMPR, IMPREC | imprecative mood | ? |
| IMPRS | impersonal verb | ? |
| INCL (IN) | inclusive person | [1] |
| INAL | inalienable possession | ? |
| INAN | inanimate gender | ? |
| INCH, INCHO, INCEP | inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect | ? |
| IND | indicative mood | [1] |
| INDF ([CS Ch.ndef]) | indefinite | [1] |
| INE | inessive case ('in') | ? |
| INF | infinitive | [1] |
| INFER, INFR | inferential mood | ? |
| INEL | inelative case ('from within') | ? |
| INS (INSTR) | instrumental case | [1] |
| INT | intensifier; interrogative (= Q) | ? |
| INTEN | intentional | ? |
| INTR (NTR) | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) | [1] |
| INV | inverse | ? |
| IO | indirect object | ? |
| IPFV | imperfective aspect (= NPFV) | [1] |
| IRR | irrealis mood | [1] |
| IS | indirect speech | ? |
| ITER | iterative aspect | ? |
| JUS | jussive mood | ? |
| -L | (used to form various -lative cases) | ? |
| L2 | second language (code-switching) | ? |
| LAT | lative case (= MVMT, direction) | ? |
| LD | locative case + directional | ? |
| LK | linking element, interfix | ? |
| LOC | locative case (includes essive case) | [1] |
| LOG | logophoric | ? |
| M (MASC) | masculine gender | [1] |
| MAN | manner | ? |
| MID | middle voice | ? |
| MIM | mimetic (≈ IDEO) | ? |
| MIR | (ad)mirative | ? |
| MLT, MLTP | multiplicative case | ? |
| MOD | mood, modal, modal case | ? |
| MOM | single action verb (not iterative) | ? |
| MVT | movement | ? |
| N (NEUT) | neuter gender | [1] |
| N- | non- (e.g. NSG non-singular, NPST non-past, NF non-feminine) | [1] |
| NEG | negation, negative | [1] |
| NF | non-finite (nonfinite verb, non-finite clause) or non-feminine | ? |
| NH | non-human | ? |
| NMLZ (NMZ, NZ, NOMI) | nominalizer/nominalization | [1] |
| NOM | nominative case | [1] |
| NS | non-subject (see oblique case) | ? |
| NTR, INTR | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) | ? |
| NUM | numeral | ? |
| O | patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) | [1] |
| OBJ, OB | object; objective case | ? |
| OBL | oblique case | [1] |
| OBV | obviative | ? |
| OPT | optative mood | ? |
| ORD | ordinal numeral | ? |
| P | patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O) | [1] |
| P | pre-, post- (P.HOD prehodiernal) | ? |
| PART | participle (= PTCP,PCP); particle (= PTCL); partitive case (= PTV) | ? |
| PASS (PAS) | passive voice | [1] |
| PAT | patientive (= UND) | ? |
| PA, PAU | paucal number | ? |
| PEG | pegative case (a special case for the giver) | ? |
| PER | perlative case ('per', using) | ? |
| PERF, PRF | perfect (= RET) | ? |
| PERS | personal | ? |
| PFV | perfective aspect | [1] |
| PL | plural | [1] |
| PLU, PLUR | pluractional | ? |
| PM | phrase marker, predicate marker | ? |
| PN, PRO | pronoun | ? |
| PO | primary object | ? |
| POL | polite register | ? |
| POSS (POS) | possessive marker | [1] |
| POST | postposition, postpositional case | ? |
| POSTE | postessive case ('after') | ? |
| POSTEL | postelative case | ? |
| POT | potential mood | ? |
| PP | past / passive participle | ? |
| PPFV | past perfective | ? |
| PPP | past passive participle | ? |
| PR | proper noun | ? |
| PREC | precative mood (requests) | ? |
| PRED | predicate, predicative | [1] |
| PREP | preposition, prepositional case | ? |
| PRESP | present participle | ? |
| PRET, PRT | preterite (= PFV.PST) | ? |
| PRF (PERF) | perfect (= RET) | [1] |
| PRIV | privative case | ? |
| PRS (PRES) | present tense | [1] |
| PROB | probability | ? |
| PROG | progressive aspect | [1] |
| PROH | prohibitive mood ('don't!') | [1] |
| PROL | prolative case (= VIA) | ? |
| PROP | propositive mood | ? |
| PROS | prosecutive case ('across', 'along') | ? |
| PROSP, PRSP | prospective aspect | ? |
| PROT | protasis | ? |
| PROX | proximal demonstrative; proximate | [1] |
| PST | past tense | [1] |
| PT | patient trigger | ? |
| PTCL, PTC | particle | ? |
| PTCP (PCP) | participle | [1] |
| PTV | partitive case ('some of') | ? |
| PURP | purposive case | [1] |
| Q | question word or particle (= INT) | [1] |
| QUOT | quotative (quotative case or quotative mood) | [1] |
| R | rational gender (thinking beings) | ? |
| REAL | realis mood | ? |
| REC | recent past tense | ? |
| RECP | reciprocal voice | [1] |
| REF, RFR | referential | ? |
| REFL | reflexive (reflexive pronoun, reflexive voice) | [1] |
| REL | relative (relativizer) | [1] |
| REM | remote past tense | ? |
| REP | reported evidential (= HSY); repetitive (cf ITER) | ? |
| RES | resultative; resumptive | [1] |
| RET | Retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) | ? |
| ROOT | root | ? |
| S | single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf CIT) | [1] |
| sub}}) | subject | [1] |
| SBJV (SJV) | subjunctive mood | [1] |
| SE | same event (cf SS) | ? |
| SEM | semelfactive aspect ('once') | ? |
| SENS | sensory evidential mood (= VIS+AUD) | ? |
| SEQ | sequential | ? |
| SG | singular (but 1.SG = 1s, 3MASC.SG = 3ms) | [1] |
| SGV | singulative number | ? |
| SIM | simultaneous aspect; similative | ? |
| SPEC | specifier; speculative mood | ? |
| SS | same-subject marker (cf SE) | ? |
| STAT, STV | stative aspect, stative verb | ? |
| STEM | stem | ? |
| SUB, SU | subject | ? |
| SUBR, SUBORD, SBRD, SR | subordinator | ? |
| SUBE | subessive case ('under') | ? |
| SUBL | sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') | ? |
| SUC | successive ('then') | ? |
| SUP(L) | superlative (SUPL); supine; supplicative | ? |
| SUPE | superessive case ('on') | ? |
| -T | trigger (used for AT, PT) | ? |
| TAM | tense, aspect, or mood | ? |
| TEL | telic aspect (cf PFV) | ? |
| TEMP | temporal case | ? |
| TERM | terminative case | ? |
| TNS | tense | ? |
| TOP | topic | [1] |
| TR (TRANS) | transitive verb, transitive case (rare) | [1] |
| TRANSL | translative case (becoming) | ? |
| TRI | trial number | ? |
| TRN | trans-numeral (neither SG nor PL) | ? |
| TVF | truth-value focus | ? |
| U | uninflected | ? |
| UH | motion uphill, inland (cf UR) | ? |
| UND | undergoer role (cf PAT) | ? |
| UR | motion upriver (cf UH) | ? |
| USIT | usitative, for usual, customary or typical events | ? |
| V, VB | verb or verbal | ? |
| VBZ | verbalizer | ? |
| VD | verb, ditransitive | ? |
| VEN | venitive (coming towards; cf andative) | ? |
| VER | veridical, veridical mood (a certain conditional) | ? |
| VIA | vialis case | ? |
| VIS | visible, visual | ? |
| VI | verb, intransitive | ? |
| VN | verbal noun | ? |
| VOC | vocative case | [1] |
| VOL | volitive mood | ? |
| VT | verb, transitive | ? |
| WH.Q | wh- question | ? |
| -Z | -(al)izer (e.g. TRZ transitivizer) | ? |
| ZO | zoic gender (animals) | ? |
Literature
- Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition.
- Leipzig Glossing Rules
- Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing Morphosyntax.
- Bybee, Perkins, Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar.
- Blake, Barry J. (2001) [1994]. Case (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–206.
- Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2004. Evidentiality.
- Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa. Argument splits in Finnish grammar and discourse.
- Bernd Heine, Tania Kuteva. 2006. The changing languages of Europe.
- Paul Kroeber. 1999. The Salish language family: reconstructing syntax.
References
- Comrie, B., Haspelmath, M., & Bickel, B. (2008). The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for interlinear morpheme-by-morpheme glosses. Department of Linguistics of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology & the Department of Linguistics of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved January, 28, 2010.
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