List of endangered languages in South America
An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. UNESCO defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[1]
- Vulnerable
- Definitely endangered
- Severely endangered
- Critically endangered
South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.
Argentina
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chiriguano language | 15,000 | Red Book | |
| Chorote language | See also Matacoan languages | Red Book | |
| Guarani Correntino language | Red Book | ||
| Mapuche language | Red Book | ||
| Mbya Guarani language | Red Book | ||
| Mocovi language | 4,500 | Red Book | |
| Nivacle language | Red Book | ||
| Pilaga language | 4,000 | Red Book | |
| Quichua Santiagueno language | 60,000 | Red Book | |
| Tapiete language | Red Book | ||
| Tehuelche | Chonan languages | extinct | |
| Toba Sur language | Red Book | ||
| Wichi language | Red Book | ||
Bolivia
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Araona language | 110 | Red Book | |
| Ayoreo language | Red Book | ||
| Baure language | 13 (2000 Adelaar) | ||
| Bororo language | Red Book | ||
| Callahuaya language | Red Book | ||
| Cavinena language | 1,700 | Red Book | |
| Chacobo language | 550 | Red Book | |
| Chimane language | 5,300 | Red Book | |
| Chipaya language | 1,200 | Red Book | |
| Chiquitano language | Red Book | ||
| Chorote language | Red Book | ||
| Chulupi-Ashlushlay language | Red Book | ||
| Esse Ejja language | Red Book | ||
| Guarani Chiriguano language | 33,670 | Red Book | |
| Guarayo language | Red Book | ||
| Ignaciano language | See also Moxos language | Red Book | |
| Itonama language | 5 | ||
| Leco language | 20 (2001 Simon van de Kerke) | ||
| Machineri language | Red Book | ||
| Mataco language | Red Book | ||
| Moseten language | Red Book | ||
| Movima language | 1,400 | Red Book | |
| Pacahuara language | 17 (2000 W Adelaar) 18 (2000 Adelaar) | ||
| Paunaca language | Red Book | ||
| Pauserna-Guarasugwe language | Red Book | ||
| Reyesano language | Possibly a few speakers (2000 W Adelaar) | ||
| Siriono language | Red Book | ||
| Tacana language | Red Book | ||
| Tapiete language | Red Book | ||
| Toba language | Red Book | ||
| Toromona language | Red Book | ||
| Trinitario language | Red Book | ||
| Uru language | 2 | ||
| Yaminahua language | Red Book | ||
| Yuqui language | 120 | Red Book | |
| Yuracare language | 2,700 | Red Book | |
Brazil
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anambe language | 7 (1991 SIL) 77 (1993 SIL) | ||
| Apiaca language | 2 (1986 Rodrigues) | ||
| Arikapu language | 6 (1998 SIL) | ||
| Arua language | 12 (1990) | ||
| Arutani language | 17 in Brazil (1986 SIL) Population total all countries: 19 | ||
| Cafundo Creole language | 40 (1978 M Gnerre, U Estadual de Campinas). | ||
| Guato language | 40 (1993 SIL) 382 (1993 SIL). | ||
| Himarima language | 40. | ||
| Jabuti language | 5 (1990). | ||
| Juma language | 4 (1998) There were 300 in 1940. | ||
| Karahawyana language | 40 (1995 SIL). | ||
| Karipuna language | 12 to 15 (2000 SIL). | ||
| Katawixi language | 10 (1986 SIL). | ||
| Katukina language | 1 (1976 SIL) 360. | ||
| Kreye language | 30 (1995 SIL). | ||
| Mapidian language | 50 in Brazil (1986 Howard). | ||
| Monde language | 30 (1995 AMTB). | ||
| Ofaye language | 15 (2002) 37 (1995 AMTB). | ||
| Omagua language | There may be none left in Brazil (1995). | ||
| Oro Win language | 5 (1996 SIL) 55 (1998). | ||
| Piraha language | 150 speakers in 2004. Ethnic population: 200. | ||
| Purubora language | 2 (2002 SIL). | ||
| Sikiana language | 33 in Brazil (1986 SIL) Population total all countries: 48. | ||
| Tariano language | 100 in Brazil (1996 A Aikhenvald) 1,500 in Brazil (1985 Rodrigues). | ||
| Torá language | 40 (1990) 120 (1990 YWAM). | ||
| Xipaya language | 2 (2000 SIL). | ||
Chile
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aymara language | Red Book | ||
| Huilliche language | Red Book | ||
| Kawesqar language | Alacaluf | 20 (1996 Oscar Aguilera) Population includes 10 in Puerto Eden. | Red Book |
| Mapuche language | Red Book | ||
| Ona language | Red Book | ||
| Yaghan language | 1 (2013) | ||
Ecuador
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Achuar-Shiwiar language | Red Book | ||
| Awapit language | Red Book | ||
| Chachi language | Red Book | ||
| Cofan language | Red Book | ||
| Epera language | Red Book | ||
| Huaorani language | Red Book | ||
| Secoya language | Red Book | ||
| Shuar language | Red Book | ||
| Siona language | Red Book | ||
| Tsafiqui language | Red Book | ||
| Zaparo language | 1 (2000 SIL) 170 (2000 M R Wise SIL). | ||
French Guiana
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arawak language | Red Book | ||
| Emerillon language | 400 | Red Book | |
| Galibi language | Red Book | ||
| Palikur language | Red Book | ||
| Wayana language | Red Book | ||
| Wayapi language | Red Book | ||
Guyana
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akawaio language | Red Book | ||
| Arekuna language | Red Book | ||
| Karina language | Red Book | ||
| Lokono language | Red Book | ||
| Makushi language | Red Book | ||
| Mawayana language | 50 (1986 Howard) | ||
| Patamona language | Red Book | ||
| Wapishana language | Red Book | ||
| Warao language | Red Book | ||
Paraguay
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ache language | Red Book | ||
| Angaite language | Red Book | ||
| Ava-Guarani language | Red Book | ||
| Ayoreo language | Red Book | ||
| Enlhet language | Red Book | ||
| Guana language | Red Book | ||
| Guarani-Nandeva language | Red Book | ||
| Guarayo language | Red Book | ||
| Ishir language | Red Book | ||
| Maka language | Red Book | ||
| Manjui language | Red Book | ||
| Mbya language | Red Book | ||
| Nivacle language | Red Book | ||
| Pai-Tavytera language | Red Book | ||
| Sanapana language | Red Book | ||
| Toba-Maskoy language | Red Book | ||
| Toba-Qom language | Red Book | ||
Peru
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Achuar-Shiwiar language | Red Book | ||
| Aguaruna language | Red Book | ||
| Amahuaca language | Red Book | ||
| Andoa-Shimigae language | Red Book | ||
| Arabela language | Red Book | ||
| Bora language | Red Book | ||
| Campa Ashaninca language | Red Book | ||
| Campa Asheninca language | Red Book | ||
| Campa Caquinte language | Red Book | ||
| Campa Nomatsiguenga language | Red Book | ||
| Candoshi-Shapra language | Red Book | ||
| Capanahua language | Red Book | ||
| Cashibo-Cacataibo language | Red Book | ||
| Cashinahua language | Red Book | ||
| Chamicuro language | 2 (2000 Adelaar) 10 to 20 (2000 Adelaar). | ||
| Chayahuita language | Red Book | ||
| Cocama-Cocamilla language | Red Book | ||
| Culina language | Madija | 1300[2] | Red Book |
| Ese Eja language | Red Book | ||
| Harakmbut language | Red Book | ||
| Huambisa language | Red Book | ||
| Huitoto language | Red Book | ||
| Inapari language | 4 (1999 SIL) | ||
| Iquito language | 35 (2002 SIL) 1 monolingual 500. | ||
| Isconahua language | 82 (2000 WCD) | ||
| Jaqaru language | Red Book | ||
| Jebero language | 2,000 to 3,000 (2000 W Adelaar). | ||
| Machiguenga language | Red Book | ||
| Mashco Piro language | 20 to 100 (1976 SIL) All are completely monolingual. | ||
| Matses-Mayoruna language | Red Book | ||
| Ocaina language | Red Book | ||
| Omagua language | 10 to 100 in Peru (1976 SIL) Population total all countries: 10 to 100 627 (1976). | ||
| Orejon language | Red Book | ||
| Piro language | 20 to 100 in 1976 | Red Book | |
| Resigaro language | 14 (1976 SIL). | ||
| Secoya language | Red Book | ||
| Sharanahua language | Red Book | ||
| Shipibo-Conibo language | Red Book | ||
| Taushiro language | 1 (2002 SIL). | ||
| Ticuna language | Red Book | ||
| Urarina language | Red Book | ||
| Wariapano language | Red Book | ||
| Yagua language | Red Book | ||
| Yaminahua language | Red Book | ||
| Yanesha language | Red Book | ||
| Yora language | Red Book | ||
Suriname
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akurio language | 10 (2000 E.B. Carlin) | ||
| Carib language | Red Book | ||
| Lokono language | Red Book | ||
| Mawayana language | Red Book | ||
| Sikiana language | 15 in Suriname (2001 Carlin). | ||
| Trio language | Red Book | ||
| Tunayana language | Red Book | ||
| Wayana language | Red Book | ||
Venezuela
| Language | Comments | Speakers | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akawaio language | Red Book | ||
| Anun language | Red Book | ||
| Arutani language | 2 in Venezuela (2002 SIL). | ||
| Baniva language | Red Book | ||
| Bari language | Red Book | ||
| Cuiba language | Red Book | ||
| Guahibo language | Red Book | ||
| Guajiro language | Red Book | ||
| Hoti language | Red Book | ||
| Karina language | Red Book | ||
| Kurripako language | Red Book | ||
| Lokono language | Red Book | ||
| Mako language | Red Book | ||
| Makushi language | Red Book | ||
| Mandahuaca language | Red Book | ||
| Mapoyo language | 3 (2000 Muller). | ||
| Nengatu language | Red Book | ||
| Panare language | Red Book | ||
| Patamona language | Red Book | ||
| Pemono language | 1 (2000 M-C Mattei Muller) | ||
| Pepojivi language | Red Book | ||
| Piapoko language | Red Book | ||
| Piaroa language | Red Book | ||
| Puinave language | Red Book | ||
| Sape language | 5 (2007) | ||
| Saliva language | Red Book | ||
| Sanema language | Red Book | ||
| Tunebo language | Red Book | ||
| Uruak language | Red Book | ||
| Warao language | Red Book | ||
| Warekena language | Red Book | ||
| Yabarana language | 20 (1977 Migliazza). | ||
| Yanam language | Red Book | ||
| Yanomam language | Red Book | ||
| Yanomami language | Red Book | ||
| Yaruro language | Red Book | ||
| Yekuana language | Red Book | ||
| Yukpa language | Red Book | ||
References
- Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
- Boyer, Cindy and Jim Boyer (2001). Culina (Madija) Bani Tahimari = Cuentos de Animales. Mexico AFD: Instituto Linguistico de Verano. Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
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