List of Jewish diaspora languages
This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.[1]
Afro-Asiatic languages
Semitic languages
Arabic languages
- Judeo-Algerian Arabic (rarely used nowadays, and still declining)
- Judeo-Andalusian Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Egyptian Arabic (extinct)
- Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
- Judeo-Levantine Arabic (spoken by Musta‘arabi Jews of Levant, with strong Aramaic substratum)
- Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
- Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
- Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
- Judeo-Yemeni Arabic
- Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic[3]
Aramaic languages
-
- Galilean dialect (extinct)
- Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic)[5]
- Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)[5]
- Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)
Other Afro-Asiatic languages
- Judeo-Berber[1] (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)
Indo-European languages
Germanic languages
- Jewish English languages
- Yiddish[1]
Iranian languages
- Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)[9] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
- Judeo-Golpaygani[9] (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Hamedani[9]
- Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)[9]
- Judeo-Shirazi[9][10]
- Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)[11]
Romance languages
- Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)
- Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of Skopje)
- Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)
- Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)
- Judeo-Catalan and Judeo-Valencian (extinct)
- Judeo-Emilian-Romagnol[12] (e.g., the citilects of Modena[13], and Ferrara) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-French (Zarphatic)[1]: a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)
- Judeo-Italian[1] with a wide range of dialects and city koinés (including zones of so-called Toscani (Tuscan, e.g. the citylect of Livorno) and Mediani (Middle Italian, besides all the city koiné of Rome) dialects)
- Judeo-Lombard[15] (e.g., the citylect of Mantua[16][17]) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Piedmontese (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Portuguese[1] (almost extinct) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)
- Judeo-Provençal[1] (extinct)
- Judeo-Sicilian[18][19] (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia) (extinct)
- Judeo-Southern Italian varieties (including the zone of so-called Meridionali (Intermediate Southern Italian) dialects) (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Spanish (Judezmo, Ladino)[1]
- Judeo-Venetian (almost extinct)
Other Indo-European languages
- Judeo-Sicilian Greek (extinct)
- Judeo-Koiné Greek, based on Koine Greek
Kartvelian languages
- Judeo-Georgian[1][22]
- Judeo-Mingrelian (e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian)[22] (almost extinct)
Turkic languages
- Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
- Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)[23] (almost extinct)
- Judeo-Turkish[24]
- Karaim[1] (almost extinct)
See also
References
- Rubin, Aaron D.; Kahn, Lily (2015-10-30). Handbook of Jewish Languages. BRILL. ISBN 9789004297357.
- Hudson, Grover (2013). "A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review)". Northeast African Studies. New series. 13 (2). doi:10.1353/nas.2013.0021.
- Khan, Geoffrey (1997). "The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit". Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (34): 53–102. ISSN 0170-026X. JSTOR 43525685.
- Khan, Geoffrey (1999-06-08). A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel. BRILL. ISBN 9789004305045.
- Weninger, Stefan (2011-12-23). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. p. 709. ISBN 9783110251586.
- "Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian". blogs.bl.uk.
- "A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India". Gorgias Press LLC.
- "Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800-1899 era". British Library. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
- Spolsky, Bernard (2014-03-27). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. ISBN 9781139917148.
- Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. .
- Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51-74. .
- http://www.reggioebraica.it/parlata-giudeo-reggiana/
- https://books.google.it/books?id=doIH53-wgGUC&pg=PA385&lpg=PA385&dq=giudeo-modenese&source=bl&ots=0IjngVdGnV&sig=ACfU3U0OpKQc9bPOjnVFbp0ZNNIBOE-EZQ&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHtPypubLpAhXLMZoKHU-OAS4Q6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=giudeo-modenese&f=false
- Nahon, Peter, 2018. Gascon et français chez les Israélites d'Aquitaine. Paris:Classiques Garnier.
- https://patrimonilinguistici.it/il-giudeo-italiano/
- https://books.google.it/books?id=WxLKPq7-Ca8C&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=giudeo-mantovano&source=bl&ots=mI7P8rBdwx&sig=ACfU3U3X5oCxZm5-hUOyzfD0NQfy-5caUw&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHtPypubLpAhXLMZoKHU-OAS4Q6AEwAXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=giudeo-mantovano&f=false
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/41283353?seq=1
- Hary, Benjamin; Benor, Sarah Bunin (5 November 2018). Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781501504631 – via Google Books.
- Weiss, Hillel; Katsman, Roman; Kotlerman, Ber (17 March 2014). Around the Point: Studies in Jewish Literature and Culture in Multiple Languages. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443857529 – via Google Books.
- International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2003-01-01. p. 83. ISBN 9780195139778.
- Katz, Dovid (October 2012). Bláha, Ondřej; Dittman, Robert; Uličná, Lenka (eds.). "Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination" (PDF). Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background: 164, 173. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332883632_Judeo-Georgian_Language_as_an_Identity_Marker_of_Georgian_Jews_The_Jews_Living_in_Georgia
- "YIVO | Krymchaks". www.yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 2015-08-01.
- Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition. BRILL. 2017-09-01. ISBN 9789004359543.
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