List of Christian martyrs
This is a list of reputed martyrs of Christianity. It includes only notable people with Wikipedia articles. Not all Christian denominations accept every figure on this list as a martyr or Christian; see the linked articles for fuller discussion. In many denominations of Christianity, martyrdom is considered a direct path to sainthood and many names on this list are viewed as saints in one or more denomination.
Apostolic Age—1st century
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"Martyrdom of St. Paul", Tintoretto
According to the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles
- John the Baptist [Matthew 14:1-12]
- Stephen (Protomartyr) [Acts 7:54-60]
- James, son of Zebedee [Acts 12:1-2]
According to early sources
- James, brother of Jesus [1] - attested by Josephus ca. AD 94
- Simon Peter, first attested by Tertullian about AD 200[2]
- Paul the Apostle, first attested by Ignatius of Antioch probably about AD 110[3]
According to tradition
- Andrew the Apostle[4]
- Matthew the Apostle[5] - not attested by contemporary sources
- Philip the Apostle - conflicting accounts [6]
- Thomas the Apostle[7]
- Jude Thaddeus [8]
- Bartholomew - conflicting accounts[9]
- Barnabas [10]
- Simon Zelotes - contradictory late traditions.[11][12]
- Mark the Evangelist[13]
- Timothy[14] - not attested by contemporary sources
- Philemon[15] - not attested by contemporary sources
Age of Martyrdom—2nd to 4th centuries
The martyrdom of St. Alban, from a 13th-century manuscript, now in the Trinity College Library, Dublin. Note the executioner's eyes falling out of his head.
According to early Christian tradition
With some historical attestation within a hundred years of the event
- Polycarp of Smyrna[16]
- Justin Martyr[17]
- Scillitan Martyrs[18]
- Perpetua and Felicity[19]
- Ptolemaeus and Lucius[20]
- Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, with Blandina and several others, the "Martyrs of Lyon and Vienne"[21][22]
- Pope Fabian[23]
- Saint Sebastian[24]
- Shmona and Gurya[25]
- Saint Agnes[26]
- Felix and Adauctus[27]
- Marcellinus and Peter[28]
- Forty Martyrs of Sebaste[29]
- Euphemia[30]
- Cyprian[31]
With some historical attestation more than a hundred years after the event
Largely or wholly legendary
- Saint Afra [38]
- Saint George[39]
- Januarius[40]
- Vincent of Saragossa[41]
- Saint Behnam[42]
- Saint Lucy[43]
- Lawrence of Rome[44]
- Saint Cecilia[45]
- Catherine of Alexandria[46]
- Vitus[47]
- Pelagia of Tarsus[48]
- Sophia the Martyr and her three daughters Faith, Hope and Charity[49]
Middle Ages—5th to 15th-centuries
- Tewdrig, 6th c.
- Sigismund of Burgundy, 524
- Edwin of Northumbria, 633 in the Battle of Hatfield Chase
- Oswald of Northumbria, 642 in the Battle of Maserfield
- Projectus of Clermont, 676
- Warinus of Poitiers, 677
- Dagobert II of the Franks, 676
- Kilian, Colman, and Totnan, 689
- Fructus, Valentine & Engratia of Segovia, ca. 715
- Theofrid of Orange, 728/-32 by Saracens
- Porcarius of Lérins, ca. 732 by Saracens
- Boniface, 754
- Æthelberht II of East Anglia, 794
- Martyrs of Iona, 806 by Vikings
- Gohard of Nantes, 843 by Normans
- Roderick, Eulogius, Perfectus, Laura, Flora and Maria, Aurelius and Natalia, Nunilo and Alodia, and other Martyrs of Cordoba, 850-59
- Bertharius of Monte Cassino, 883 by Saracens
- Edmund of East Anglia, 869
- Ludmila of Bohemia, 921
- Wiborada of St. Gall, 921 by Magyars
- Wenceslaus I of Bohemia,935
- King Edward the Martyr, 979
- Adalbert of Prague, 997 by Old Prussians
- Bruno of Querfurt, 1009
- Jovan Vladimir, 1014
- Olaf II of Norway, 1030 in the Battle of Stiklestad
- Gerard of Csanád, 1046
- Stanislaus of Szczepanów, 1079
- Canute IV of Denmark, 1086
- William of Norwich, 1144 (cult suppressed)
- Eric IX of Sweden, 1161
- Thomas Becket, 1170 - The most famous martyr of the Middle Ages.
- Berard of Carbio and companions, 1220
- Serapion of Algiers, 1240
- Buzád Hahót, 1241
- Peter of Verona, 1252 by Cathars - Canonized 11 months after his death; the fastest in history.
- Martyrs of Sandomierz, 1260
- Antonio Pavoni, 1374 by Waldensians
- Tsar Lazar, 1389
- Nicholas Tavelic, 1391
- John of Nepomuk, 1393
- Jan Huss (1415) and Jerome of Prague (1416) - executed for heresy by the Roman Catholic Council of Constance
- Joan of Arc, 1431 - executed for heresy by an English Roman Catholic tribunal; exonerated by the French inquitision in 1456
Reformation Era—16th century
Dirk Willems etching from Martyrs Mirror.
"Death of Cranmer", from the 1887 Foxe's Book of Martyrs
- Jan de Bakker, 1525, burned at the stake
- Felix Manz, 1527
- Patrick Hamilton, 1528
- George Blaurock, 1529
- St Thomas More, 1535, executed
- St John Fisher, 1535
- William Tyndale, 1535
- Carthusian Martyrs, 1535–1537
- St. Arthur of Glastonbury, 1539
- Margaret Pole, 1541
- Juan de Padilla, Spanish missionary to New Mexico, 1542
- Anne Askew, 1546
- George Wishart, 1546
- Luis de Cancer, Spanish missionary to La Florida, 1549
- Lady Jane Grey, 1554
- Hugh Latimer, 1555
- Nicholas Ridley, 1555
- Rowland Taylor, 1555
- John Hooper, 1555
- John Rogers, 1555
- William Hunter, 1555
- Lawrence Saunders, 1555
- Thomas Cranmer, 1556
- Dirk Willems, 1569
- Martyrs of Gorkum, 1572, including Nicholas Pieck and John of Cologne
- St Edmund Campion, 1581
- Margaret Ball, 1584
- The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales, various dates
Modern Era—17th to 21st centuries
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Feodosia Morozova, an Old Believer being arrested by Czarist authorities.
An illustration depicts the brutal death of Father Luís Jayme by the hands of angry natives at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in Alta California, November 4, 1775.
- Martyrs of Japan, 1597-1639, (see also Kakure Kirishitan)
- Francis Taylor, 1621
- Vietnamese Martyrs, 1625 - 1886
- Magdalene of Nagasaki, 1634
- Lorenzo Ruiz, 1637
- Canadian Martyrs, North American Martyrs, 1642–1649
- Arthur Bell, O.F.M., 1643
- Isaac Jogues, S.J., 1646
- John de Britto, 1647–1693, born in Portugal and beheaded in India
- Francis Ferdinand de Capillas, O.P., 1648, missionary to China
- Diego Luis de San Vitores, S.J., and Pedro Calungsod, 1672
- Feodosia Morozova, 1675, Russian Old Believer
- Oliver Plunkett, 1681, Archbishop of Armagh
- Felipe Songsong, S.J., 1685
- Devasahayam Pillai, 1712-1752
- Constantin Brâncoveanu, 1714
- Vicente Liem de la Paz, O.P., 1773
- Luís Jayme, O.F.M., Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1775
- Cosmas of Aetolia, 1779
- Francisco Garcés, Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1781
- Martyrs of Compiegne, 1794
- Andrés Quintana, Spanish missionary to Alta California, 1812
- Chinese Martyrs (various Christian denominations), 19th and 20th centuries
- Pedro Marieluz Garces, 1825
- Tārore, 1836
- Andrew Dung-Lac (Vietnamese Catholic), 1839
- Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, 1844
- Hyrum Smith, 1844
- Korean Martyrs, 1839, 1846, 1866
- Peter Chanel, S.M., 1841
- Andrew Kim Taegon, 1846
- Marcus Whitman, Narcissa Whitman, and companions, 1847
- Lucy Yi Zhenmei, one of the 19th century Chinese Catholic Martyrs, 1862
- Thomas Baker, 1867, English missionary killed and eaten, Fiji
- Martyrs of Uganda, 1885–1887
- Victor Emilio Moscoso Cárdenas, S.J., 1897
- Amandina of Schakkebroek, F.M.M., 1900
- Maria Goretti (died defending herself from being raped), 1902
- Armenian Martyrs, 1915-1923[50]
- Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna, 1918
- Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Family, 1918
- Nun Barbara (Yakovleva), 1918
- James Coyle, 1921
- Gregory of Cydonia, 1922
- Saints of the Cristero War 1926–1927, including:
- Miguel Pro, S.J., 1927
- Cristóbal Magallanes Jara, 1927
- Mateo Correa Magallanes, 1927
- Toribio Romo González, 1928
- Manche Masemola, (1913–1928)
- José Sánchez del Río 1928
- Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, C.P., 1934
- Bartolome Blanco Marquez, 1936
- Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 1934, 1936–1939
- Alexander Hotovitzky, 1937
- Peter of Jesus Maldonado, 1937
- Paul Schneider (pastor), 1939
- Martyrs of Songkhon, 1940
- Maximilian Kolbe, O.F.M.Cap., 1941, died at Auschwitz
- Edith Stein O.C.D., 1942, died at Auschwitz
- Gorazd, 1942, Bishop of Prague
- Lucian Tapiedi, 1942
- Franz Jägerstätter, 1943
- Dusty Miller, 1945, a Methodist layman killed as a P.O.W. of the Japanese in Thailand during World War II
- Marcel Callo, 1945
- Dietrich Bonhoeffer, 1945, Lutheran pastor and member of the German Resistance
- Rolando Rivi, fourteen-year-old seminarian, 1945
- Peter To Rot, 1945
- Martyrs of Albania, 1945-1974
- Theodore Romzha, 1947, Ruthenian Eparch of Mukachevo
- Nykyta Budka, 1949, Ukrainian Bishop of Canada, died in Soviet gulag
- Beda Chang, S.J., 1951
- Alberto Hurtado, S.J., 1952
- Francis Xavier Ford, M.M., 1952
- Martyrs of Laos, 1954-1970
- Zdenka Cecilia Schelingová, 1955
- Jim Elliot, 1956
- Nate Saint, 1956, killed while attempting to evangelize the Waodani people
- Ed McCully, 1956
- Pete Fleming, 1956
- Roger Youderian, 1956
- Esther John 1929–1960, Found Killed in Chichawatni commemorated at Westminster Abbey.
- Wang Zhiming, 1973, Chinese pastor, publicly executed
- Martyrs of La Rioja, 1976
- Janani Jakaliya Luwum, 1977, Archbishop of Uganda
- Óscar Romero, 1980, Archbishop of San Salvador
- Ita Ford, M.M., 1980
- Maura Clarke, M.M., 1980
- Dorothy Kazel, O.S.U., 1980
- Jean Donovan, 1980
- Stanley Rother, 1981
- Martyrs of Algeria, 1994-1996
- Rani Maria Vattalil, 1995
- Kosheh Martyrs, Egypt, 1998–2000
- Rufus Halley, S.S.C., 2001
- Martin Burnham, 2002
- Mary Stachowicz, 2002
- Andrea Santoro, 2006
- Fabianus Tibo, 2006
- Leonella Sgorbati, 2006
- Ragheed Ganni and companions, 2007
- Paulos Faraj Rahho, 2008, Chaldean Archeparch of Mosul
- Nicholas Pillai Pakiaranjith, 2008
- Nag Hammadi martyrs, Egypt 2010
- Baghdad martyrs, 2010
- Luigi Padovese, 2011
- Shahbaz Bhatti, 2011
- Nigerian martyrs, 2012
- Frans van der Lugt, S.J., 2014
- Christians (ن) martyred by ISIL, 2014-2019
- 21 Coptic Martyrs of Libya, 2015
- Jacques Hamel, Normandy 2016
- Cairo martyrs, 2016
- Alexandria martyrs, 2017
- Sutherland Springs martyrs, 2017
- Sri Lankan martyrs, 2019
See also
- List of Christian women of the patristic age
- List of Christians killed during the Diocletian Persecution
- Unitarian martyrs
References
- Lyons, George. Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX, Chapter 9. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
- Quintus Septimius Florens, Tertullian. "Prescription Against Heretics Chapter XXXVI". ccel.org. Retrieved 1 June 2015. "Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood; where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's; where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's[the Baptist]; where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile."
- Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians, Chapter XII
- The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in F. Dvornik, "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew", Dumbarton Oaks Studies, IV (Cambridge) 1958.
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- Schaff, Philip (1885). "Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume 8". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
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- Chronicle, from the Latin translation of Jerome, p. 276.
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- Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity, Otto Friedrich August Meinardus
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