Leon Klinghoffer
Leon Klinghoffer (September 24, 1916 – October 8, 1985) was an American man, who used a wheelchair, and was shot, killed and thrown overboard the cruise ship Achille Lauro by members of the terrorist group known as the Palestine Liberation Front who hijacked the ship in 1985.[1]
Leon Klinghoffer | |
---|---|
Born | New York City, New York, United States | September 24, 1916
Died | October 8, 1985 69) | (aged
Cause of death | Shooting |
Resting place | Beth David Memorial Park Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States |
Occupation | Appliance manufacturer |
Spouse(s) | Marilyn Klinghoffer |
Children | 2 |
Personal life
Klinghoffer grew up on Suffolk Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. Among his close friends was Jack Kirby, who went on to become a major figure in the history of comic books.[2][3]
Klinghoffer married Marilyn (born Windwehr), the daughter of a haberdasher, in September 1949. The couple had two daughters. Klinghoffer suffered two strokes later in his life that left him in a wheelchair.[4]
Career
While he was growing up, Klinghoffer worked in his family's hardware store, Klinghoffer Supply Company. In 1942, he joined the Army Air Corps and was trained as a navigator. He flew missions in B-24 Liberator bombers with the famous 93rd Bombardment Group in the European theater of World War II.
![](../I/m/Leon_Klinghoffer_and_Rudek_Tannenbaum_1947_Salzburg%2C_Austria.png)
After his honorable discharge from the army in January 1944, Klinghoffer and his brother Albert took over the store and began to invent appliances.[4] A few years later, the two brothers founded the Roto-Broil Corporation of America. Their feature item was the Roto-Broil Rotisserie Oven or Roto-Broil 400, a popular kitchen appliance in the 1950s.[5][6]
Hijacking and shooting
In 1985, Klinghoffer (then 69, retired, and in a wheelchair) was on a cruise on the Achille Lauro with his wife Marilyn to celebrate their 36th wedding anniversary. On October 7, four hijackers from the Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) took control of the liner off Egypt as it was sailing from Alexandria to Port Said, Egypt. Holding the passengers and crew hostage, they ordered the captain to sail to Tartus, Syria, and demanded the release of 50 Palestinians, then in Israeli prisons, including the Lebanese prisoner Samir Kuntar, who had been responsible for the murder of five civilians in a terrorist attack in 1979.[7][8]
If the prisoners were not released, Molqi said they would begin killing hostages, "We will start executing at 3:00 p.m. sharp." Syria, having consulted with the U.S. and Italian governments, did not respond to any of the demands.
As 3:00 p.m. neared, the terrorists began to decide whom to kill by shuffling the U.S., British, and Austrian hostages' passports. They selected Leon Klinghoffer to be killed first. Several reasons have been put forward that may have contributed to why Klinghoffer was chosen. Earlier in the hijacking, he had refused to be silent when gunmen took his watch and cigarettes, becoming brusque and complaining in his slurred speech which antagonized some of the hijackers though one of them gave Klinghoffer his possessions back. Additionally, Klinghoffer was Jewish and American, and his wheelchair made him both hard to move around the ship and meant his extended absence from the main group was less likely to trigger a chain reaction of resistance among the surviving hostages. One of the hijackers, Molqi, later gave a statement on why he was chosen: "I and Bassm [al-Ashker] agreed that the first hostage to be killed had to be an American. I chose Klinghoffer, an invalid, so that they would know that we had no pity for anyone, just as the Americans, arming Israel, do not take into consideration that Israel kills women and children of our people."
Molqi ordered Manuel De Souza, a Portuguese waiter, to accompany him and push Klinghoffer outside onto the open deck. Klinghoffer was taken back along the entire deck of the ship to the stern. Molqi ordered De Souza to return into the ship. The other terrorists moved the rest of the hostages back down into the lounge. Marilyn Klinghoffer noticed that Leon was not there and began to weep. Molqi shot Leon Klinghoffer once in the head and again in the chest. He died instantly, toppling onto his face. Molqi then went in and ordered De Souza to throw the body over the side of the ship. When De Souza was unable to do the task alone, Molqi found Italian hairdresser Ferruccio Alberti and forced the two of them at gunpoint to throw the body and then the wheelchair into the sea.
Several of the hostages heard the shots and splashes, including Marilyn Klinghoffer. She pleaded with the hijackers to let her see her husband in the infirmary, but they refused. She feared the worst but remained hopeful. She learned the truth only after the hijackers left the ship at Port Said. Molqi, with blood splattered clothing, returned to the other terrorists and told them "I have killed the American." He and Bassam al-Ashker then went to the bridge. Handing Klinghoffer's passport to Captain De Rosa, he raised a finger and said "boom, boom."
Molqi ordered De Rosa to tell the Syrians that a passenger had been killed and that they were prepared to kill another. The Syrians responded by telling Molqi to "go back where you came from." Finding no help in Syria, Molqi ordered De Rosa to sail for Libya. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Foreign Secretary Farouq Qaddumi said that perhaps the terminally ill Marilyn had killed her husband for insurance money.[9] However, the PLF leader Muhammad Abbas said in 1996 that the hijack was a mistake and apologized for killing Klinghoffer.[10]
Initially, the hijackers were granted safe passage to Tunisia, but U.S. President Ronald Reagan ordered a U.S. fighter plane to intercept the getaway plane, forcing it to land at Naval Air Station Sigonella in Italy. After an extradition dispute, Italian authorities arrested and tried the Palestinian terrorists but decided that there was insufficient evidence to link Abu Abbas to the hijacking.[11]
Klinghoffer's body was found by Syrians on October 14 or 15, and it was returned to the United States around October 20. His funeral, with 800 in attendance, was held at Temple Shaaray Tefila in New York City.[12] Klinghoffer was buried at Beth David Memorial Park in Kenilworth, New Jersey. On February 9, four months after his death, his wife (1926–1986) died of colon cancer. They were survived by two daughters, Ilsa and Lisa Klinghoffer.
Aftermath
Five days after the murder, Rabbi Morris Gordon and a group of student activists led a Jewish funeral service for Leon Klinghoffer in front of the Palestinian Liberation Organization's Washington, D.C. office to call attention to the group's role in the killing of an American military veteran.[13]
Following the death of both parents, the Klinghoffers' daughters established the Leon and Marilyn Klinghoffer Memorial Foundation with the Anti-Defamation League.[1] The foundation combats terrorism through educational, political, and legal means. The foundation is funded by an undisclosed settlement paid by the PLO to the Klinghoffers to settle a lawsuit seeking damages for the PLO's role in the hijacking (Klinghoffer v. PLO, 739 F. Supp. 854 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) and Klinghoffer v. PLO, 937 F.2d 44, 50 (2d Cir. 1991).[14] This lawsuit spurred passage of the Antiterrorism Act of 1990, which made it easier for victims of terrorism to sue terrorists and collect civil damages for losses incurred.[15]
PLF leader Muhammad Zaidan, a.k.a. Abu Abbas, was freed by the Italian government in the aftermath of the Achille Lauro affair, but was continually sought by the United States government. The administration of President Bill Clinton aware of Abbas' resurfacing in Gaza, neither asked for his extradition nor requested he be turned over to Italy who had found him guilty in absentia. The U.S. Senate passed a resolution 99–0 asking Clinton to request Abbas' extradition to the US. He was captured in Iraq in 2003 by U.S. forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and he died in custody a year later of heart disease, according to the U.S. government.[16]
The ship involved in the hijacking, the Achille Lauro, returned to cruise duty until she caught fire off the coast of Somalia on November 30, 1994. After evacuating the ship of passengers, the crew could not control the fire, and the abandoned ship sank on December 2.[17] Two people died.[17][18]
Portrayals
![](../I/m/PeterSellarsOjai.jpg)
The hijacking was made into a television movie in 1990, Voyage of Terror: The Achille Lauro Affair starring Burt Lancaster and Eva Marie Saint.
Klinghoffer was portrayed by Karl Malden in the 1989 television film The Hijacking of the Achille Lauro.
The concept of the opera The Death of Klinghoffer originated with theatre director Peter Sellars,[19] who was a major collaborator, as was choreographer Mark Morris. It was American composer John Adams' second opera, based on the events of 1985. It opened to great controversy in 1991. It featured a libretto by Alice Goodman. In the opera, Klinghoffer sings two arias, one shortly before he is killed and one after his death. The Los Angeles Opera shared in the work's commission but never presented it. The opera has since drawn controversy, including allegations by some (including Klinghoffer's two daughters) that the opera is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism. The work's creators and others have disputed these criticisms.[20] A Prix Italia-winning television version of the opera, starring Sanford Sylvan and Christopher Maltman, and directed by Penny Woolcock, was screened by United Kingdom's Channel 4 in 2003.
Klinghoffer (and his supposed travel diary) play a minor role in Philip Roth's 1993 novel Operation Shylock.
Klinghoffer is also mentioned in the graphic novel Palestine by Joe Sacco.
References
- Berman, Daphna. "Klinghoffer daughters recall personal tragedy at commemoration of terror victims outside Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2011-06-05. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- Rob Stiebel. "Jack Kirby Interview – Part III". Jack Kirby Museum.
- Jack Kirby Interview (Part III) on YouTube
- Associated Press. "'Vacation of a Lifetime' Ends in Tragedy : Klinghoffer: Life of Hard Work, Giving." Los Angeles Times. 13 October 1985. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- Bittman, Mark. "Bringing Back the Roto-Broil." New York Times Diner's Journal. 1 May 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- Gladwell, Malcolm. Obsessives, Pioneers, and Other Varieties of Minor Genius. Little, Brown and Company, 2009.
- "Samir Kuntar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13 July 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
- "Terrorism – The Voyage of The Achille Lauro". Time. 21 October 1985.
- "P.L.O. Aide in a Charge Against Mrs. Klinghoffer". The New York Times. 1985-12-05. p. A9. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- "U.S. rejects terrorist's apology for Klinghoffer murder". CNN. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- Terrorist Abu Abbas dies in Iraq
- Michael K. Bohn (2004). The Achille Lauro Hijacking. Potomac Books, Inc. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
- Saperstein, Saundra (October 14, 1985). "Jewish Students Protest PLO". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
- Court Docket for Klinghoffer Case, [Docket Alarm]
- "8 U.S. Code Chapter 113B – Terrorism". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- Abbas died of 'natural causes', BBC News, March 11, 2004
- Star-crossed voyager: The sad career of the MS Achille Lauro
- Liner Achille Lauro Burns Off Africa
- Christiansen, Rupert, "Breaking Taboos". Opera, 54(5), 543–548 (May 2003)
- Cooper, Michael. "Klinghoffer Protesters Flock to Met Opera House". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
External links
- CNN report by David Ensor
- Klinghoffer Family Papers at the American Jewish Historical Society, New York
- Mitchell Cohen, "Going Under with Klinghoffer", Jewish Review of Books, Spring 2015