Kigali Accord
At their twenty-eighth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol l held on October 15, 2016 in Kigali, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (Montreal Protocol) reached an agreement on a gradual reduction in their consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons ( HFCs). In decision XXVIII / 1, they adopted an amendment to the Protocol (the [[Kigali] Amendment])).[1]
Long name:
| |
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Type | Environmental protection agreement |
Context | Montreal Protocol (1985) |
Signed | October 15, 2016 |
Location | Kigali (Rwanda) |
Effective | January 1, 2019 |
The Kigali Amendment is a legally binding international agreement] [2] designed to create rights and obligations in international law. The Amendment is only legally binding on a Party if it has entered into force with respect to that Party
As of November 5, 2018, 59 States had ratified the Kigali Amendment.[3]
Context
Many industrial products, including heat pumps that operate on a refrigerant and propellant aerosol s, require non-flammable fluids capable of passing easily from gaseous state to liquid state and having significant latent heat.
Historically, chlorofluorocarbons s (CFCs) were used in these applications, but we discovered in the 1970s the deleterious effect of these gases on the ozone layer, which is rewarded by a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995.[4] The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1985 by many states and entered into force in 1989, decided to phase out CFCs. The use of hydrofluorocarbons s (HFCs) then developed as a replacement.
However, if these gases save the ozone layer, they are powerful greenhouse gases. Their lifespan in the atmosphere is quite short, but they filter infrared very strongly: for example, HFC-23 has a global warming potential (PRG) at 100 years 12400.[5] It therefore appears that eliminating emissions of these gases could significantly limit, and in the short term, global warming.
Content of the agreement
The Montreal Protocol creates a separate regime for developing countries.[6]
The Kigali Accord, on the other hand, divides states into 4 groups:[7]
- Parties "article 5 - Group 1"
- Parties "Article 5 - Group 2": Bahrain, India, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
- Parties
References
- United Nations Environment Program, Montreal Protocol Secretariat, Ratification of the Kigali Amendment , information note (February 2017), http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/oewg/oewg-39/presession/briefingnotesfr/ratification_kigali_E.pdf (page consulted on April 12, 2019)
- The Amendment is only legally binding on a Party if it has entered into force with respect to that -ci (Source: http://conf.montreal-protocol.org/meeting/oewg/oewg-39/presession/briefingnotesfr/ratification_kigali_E.pdf)
- Raooirt amendment to the thirtieth meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, UNEP / ozL .Pro.30 / 11, para. 54
- "Press Release: The 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Retrieved October 16, 2016.
- "ADEME - Site Bilans GES". bilans-ges.ademe.fr. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
- Montreal Protocol, Article 5
- "Resumed 38th Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (OEWG 38) of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol".