Kaivalya

Kaivalya (कैवल्य), is the ultimate goal of Raja yoga and means "solitude", "detachment" or "isolation", a vrddhi-derivation from kevala "alone, isolated". It is the isolation of purusha from prakṛti, and liberation from rebirth, i.e., Moksha (although this is controversial due to the predominant view that it is impossible to separate/isolate purusha from prakrati, and vice versa). Kaivalya-Mukti is described in some Upanishads such as Muktika and Kaivalya as the most superior form of Moksha which can grant liberation both within this life Jivanmukti and after death Videhamukti and the essence of all Upanishads.[1]

Patanjali

The 34 Yoga Sutras of Patanjali of the fourth chapter deal with impressions left by our endless cycles of birth and the rationale behind the necessity of erasing such impressions. It portrays the yogi, who has attained kaivalya, as an entity who has gained independence from all bondages and achieved the absolute true consciousness or ritambhara prajna described in the Samadhi Pada.

"…Or, to look from another angle, the power of pure consciousness settles in its own pure nature." —Kaivalya Pada: Sutra 34.

"Only the minds born of meditation are free from karmic impressions." —Kaivalya Pada: Sutra 6.

"Since the desire to live is eternal, impressions are also beginningless. The impressions being held together by cause, effect, basis and support, they disappear with the disappearance of these four." —Kaivalya Pada: Sutra 10-11.

Upanishads

The terms kevala, kaivalya, or kaivalya-mukti are encountered in the Upanishads, including the Śvetāśvatara (I and VI) Kaivalya (25), the Amṛtabindu (29) and the Muktikā (1.18, 26, 31) Upanishads .[2]

The Muktika Upanishad (sloka 1.18-29) as explained by Rama to Hanuman, is the most superior form of Moksha and the essence of all Upanishads, higher than the four types of Mukti namely: Salokya, Saameepya, Sarupya, & Sayujya.[1] In section 2 of the same Upanishad, Rama mentioned that Kaivalya-Mukti is the ultimate liberation (both jivanmukti and videha-mukti) from prarabdha karma and it can be attained by everyone through studying the 108 authentic Upanishads thoroughly from a realized guru, which will destroy the three forms of bodies (gross, subtle and causal).[1]

The Yogatattva Upanishad (16-18) reads, "Kaivalya is the very nature of the self, the supreme state (paramam padam). It is without parts and is stainless. It is the direct intuition of the Real-existence, intelligence and bliss. it is devoid of birth, existence, destruction, recognition, and experience. This is called knowledge."[2]

In later Hinduism

Following the rise of Hinduism with the powerful Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century, Veerashaivism experienced growth in southern India. Some Veerashaiva scholars of the time such as Nijaguna Shivayogi (c. 1500) attempted to unify Veerashaivism with Shankara's Advaitism. His best known work is the Kaivalya Paddhati, a collection of swara cavhanas set to classical ragas.[3]

Other popular writers of this tradition are Nijaguna Shivayogi, Shadaksharadeva(Muppina Shadakshari), Mahalingaranga and Chidanandavadhuta. The Kaivalya literature was entirely in the Kannada language.

Vijñānabhiksu was a sixteenth-century Vedāntic philosopher. He writes about kaivalya explicitly in the fourth and final chapter of his Yogasārasamgraha.[4]

In Assam, some Hindus call their sect Kaval Dharma. In this sect, "kevali" is the highest stage at which the bhagat becomes unconscious of everything else except the one all pervading Entity.[5] Moamara and Kardoiguria Satras as the principal Satras of the Keval sect.

In Jainism

Kaivalya, also known as Kevala Jnana, means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding[6] or supreme wisdom.[7]

Kevala jnana is believed to be an intrinsic quality of all souls. This quality is masked by karmic particles that surround the soul. Every soul has the potential to obtain omniscience by shedding off these karmic particles. Jain scriptures speak of twelve stages through which the soul achieves this goal. A soul who has attained kevala jnana is called a kevalin (केवलिन्).[8] According to the Jains, only kevalins can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations; others are only capable of partial knowledge.[9]

See also

References
  1. Warrier, Dr. A. G. Krishna. Muktika Upanishad. Chennai: The Theosophical Publishing House. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  2. P. 130 Astavakragita: The Song of the Self Supreme edited by Radhakamal Mukherjee
  3. P. 190 Medieval Indian Literature
  4. P. 120 Unifying Hinduism: philosophy and identity in Indian intellectual history By Andrew J. Nicholson
  5. P. 43-44 Tai-Ahom Religion and Customs by Dr. Padmeswar Gogoi
  6. Sharma, Candradhar (1991). A critical survey of Indian philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-208-0365-7.
  7. Kumar, Sehdev (2001). A thousand petalled lotus : Jain temples of Rajasthan : architecture & iconography (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Art ed.). Abhinav Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7017-348-9.
  8. Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2001). Collected papers on Buddhist studies (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-208-1776-0.
  9. Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2001). Collected papers on Buddhist studies (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-208-1776-0.

Sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.