Jeu de mail

Jeu de mail or jeu de maille (Middle French for 'mallet game', or sometimes interpreted as 'straw game') is a now-obsolete lawn game originating in the Late Middle Ages and mostly played in France,[1] surviving in some locales into the 20th century. It is a form of ground billiards, using one or more balls, a stick with a mallet-like head, and usually featuring one or more targets such as hoops or holes. Jeu de mail was ancestral to the games golf, palle-malle and croquet, and (by moving it indoors and playing on a table with smaller equipment), billiards.

An illustration from Joseph Lauthier's Nouvelles Règles pour le jeu de mail (1717)

History

The first known written record of jeu de mail is a Renaissance Latin text dating to 1416.[2]:306 The mail in the name probably means 'maul, mallet', from Latin malleus. An alternative meaning of 'straw' has been suggested (Modern French maille), on the basis that the target hoops used in some versions of the game were sometimes made of bound straw.[2]:308

Quite popular in various forms in France and Italy in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance, the game developed into pall-mall in the early modern period, which spread to Scotland then England; this, in turn, eventually led to croquet.[2]:308

According to Brantôme, King Henry II of France (ruled 1547–1559) was an excellent player of jeu de mail and jeu de paume (a form of handball that eventually developed into tennis and other racquet sports). Louis XIV (ruled 1661–1715), who hated jeu de paume, was on the other hand enthusiastic about jeu de mail, and the playing court in the gardens of Tuileries Palace was enlarged during his reign.[3]

The game was still played in France, in the areas of Montpellier and Aix-en-Provence, into the early 20th century, before the First World War.[3] An educational institution in Montpellier, Collège Jeu de Mail, still bears the name of this game.[4]

Game play

The game makes use of one or more balls that are generally of boxwood, but higher-quality balls are of medlar. The ball is struck with a long stick with a mallet- or foot-like end, similar to a croquet mallet or golf club, respectively; it is essentially a heavy version of the billiard mace (which eventually developed into the cue stick). Different variants of the game may have differing goals or targets (if any), ranging from croquet-like hoops to golf-like holes in the ground. There are four known named rules variations of the game:[1]

  • Chicane ('quarrel', 'quibble') – similar to golf; the winner is the one who reaches a distant goal in the fewest strokes.
  • Grand coup ('great blow') – the goal is to launch the ball as far as possible; good players might exceed 200 yards (180 m)
  • Rouët ('wheel', modern French: roue) – played with several balls; ancestral to croquet and billiards
  • Partie ('party') – a team version.

References
  1. Liponski, Wojciech (2005) [2003]. L'encyclopédie des Sports (French ed.). Paris: Atena. p. 256. ISBN 9780760316825.
  2. Jusserand, J. J. (1996) [1901]. Les sports et jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France. Paris: Plon-Nourrit et Cie.
  3. Merdrignac, Bernard (2002). Le Sport au Moyen Âge. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. p. 236.
  4. "Collège Jeu de Mail | Montpellier". Clg-dujeudemail-montpellier.ac-montpellier.fr (in French). Retrieved 2016-07-16.
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