James Tour

James M. Tour is an American chemist and nanotechnologist. He is a Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Professor of Computer Science at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

James Mitchell Tour
Born1959
New York City, New York, U. S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materPurdue University, PhD
Syracuse University, BS
Known forMolecular electronics, nanotechnology, carbon materials
Spouse(s)Shireen G. Tour
Scientific career
FieldsOrganic Chemistry
Materials Science
Nanotechnology
InstitutionsRice University, 1999-present
University of South Carolina, 1988-1999
ThesisMetal-Promoted Cyclization and Transition-Metal-Promoted Carbonylative Cyclization Reactions
Doctoral advisorEi-ichi Negishi
Websitewww.jmtour.com

Education

Tour received degrees from Syracuse University (BS, 1981), Purdue University (PhD, 1986) and completed postdoctoral work at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1986–1987) and Stanford University (1987–1988).[1]

Career

James Tour's work has spanned organic chemistry and materials science with a focus on carbon materials chemistry and nanotechnology. Tour has over 700 research publications and over 130 patent families,[2] with an H-index of 144 with total citations over 100,000.[3]

Tour's work on carbon materials is broad and encompasses fullerene purification,[4][5] composites,[6][7] conductive inks for radio frequencies identification tags,[8][9] carbon nanoreporters for identifying oil downhole,[10][11] graphene synthesis from cookies and insects,[12] graphitic electronic devices,[13][14] carbon particle drug delivery for treatment of traumatic brain injury,[15][16] the merging of 2D graphene with 1D nanotubes to make a conjoined hybrid material,[17] a new graphene-nanotube 2D material called rebar graphene,[18] graphene quantum dots from coal,[19] gas barrier composites,[20] graphene nanoribbon deicing films,[21] supercapacitors and battery device structures,[22][23] and water splitting to H2 and O2 using metal chalcogenides.[24] His work with the synthesis of graphene oxide,[25][26] its mechanism of formation,[27] and its use in capturing radionuclides from water is extensive.[28] Tour has developed oxide based electronic memories that can also be transparent and built onto flexible substrates.[29] His group has all developed the use of porous metal structures to make renewable energy devices including batteries and supercapacitors, as well as electronic memories.[30]

More recently, the Tour’s group discovery of laser-induced graphene (LIG) has led to an enormous research area for graphene researchers worldwide,[31][32] and this platform is being used to build an array of device structures made from LIG foams.[33]  His lab’s discovery of the flash graphene process in 2019 for the 10-millisecond bulk formation of graphene from any carbon source, including coal, petroleum coke, biochar, food waste and even mixed plastic waste, is quickly being realized as a major development for environmental stewardship through materials and waste upcycling.[34]   

Tour worked in molecular electronics and molecular switching molecules. He pioneered the development of the Nanocar, single-molecule vehicles with four independently rotating wheels, axles, and light-activated motors.[35] Tour was the first to show that Feringa-based motors[36] can be used to move a molecule on a surface using light[37] as opposed to electric current from an STM tip. His early career focused upon the synthesis of conjugated polymers and precise oligomers.[38]

Tour has also been involved in scientific outreach, such as NanoKids, an interactive learning DVD to teach children fundamentals of chemistry and physics. He also developed SciRave, a Dance Dance Revolution and Guitar Hero package to teach science concepts to middle school and elementary school students. and much work on carbon nanotubes and graphene.[39][40][41]

In the Scientific American article "Better Killing Through Chemistry",[42] which appeared a few months after the September 11 attacks, Tour highlighted the ease of obtaining chemical weapon precursors in the United States.

Tour’s intellectual property has been the basis for the formation of numerous companies including Weebit (silicon oxide electronic memory),[43] Dotz (graphene quantum dots),[44] Zeta Energy (batteries),[45] NeuroCords (spinal cord repair),[46] Xerient (treatment of pancreas cancer), LIGC Application Ltd. (laser-induced graphene),[47] Nanorobotics (molecular nanomachines in medicine),[48] Universal Matter Ltd. (flash graphene synthesis),[49] Roswell Biotechnologies (molecular electronic DNA sequencing),[50] and Rust Patrol (corrosion inhibitors).[51]

Awards

Tour became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2020 and was awarded the Royal Society of Chemistry's Centenary Prize for innovations in materials chemistry with applications in medicine and nanotechnology.[52] Tour was inducted into the National Academy of Inventors in 2015.[53] He was named among "The 50 most Influential Scientists in the World Today" by TheBestSchools.org in 2014.[54] Tour was named "Scientist of the Year" by R&D Magazine in 2013.[55] Tour won the ACS Nano Lectureship Award from the American Chemical Society in 2012. Tour was ranked one of the top 10 chemists in the world over the past decade by Thomson Reuters in 2009. That year, he was also made a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Other notable awards won by Tour include the 2008 Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology, the NASA Space Act Award in 2008 for his development of carbon nanotube reinforced elastomers, the Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award from the American Chemical Society (ACS) for his achievements in organic chemistry in 2007, the Small Times magazine's Innovator of the Year Award in 2006, the Southern Chemist of the Year Award from ACS in 2005, the Honda Innovation Award for Nanocars in 2005, the NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award in 1990, and the Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award in 1989. In 2005, Tour's journal article "Directional Control in Thermally Driven Single-Molecule Nanocars" was ranked the Most Accessed Journal Article by the American Chemical Society.[56] Tour has twice won the George R. Brown Award for Superior Teaching at Rice University in 2007 and 2012. In 2016, Tour was listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.[57]

A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism

In 2001, Tour was one of a small number of nationally prominent researchers among the five hundred scientists and engineers whose names appeared on the Discovery Institute's controversial petition, "A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism".[58] The petition states "we are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged."[59] The two-sentence statement has been widely used by its sponsor, the Discovery Institute, and some of their supporters in a national campaign to discredit evolution and to promote intelligent design.

"To those who are disconcerted or even angered that I signed a statement back in 2001" he responded "I have been labeled as an Intelligent Design (ID) proponent. I am not. I do not know how to use science to prove intelligent design although some others might. I am sympathetic to the arguments on the matter and I find some of them intriguing, but the scientific proof is not there, in my opinion. So I prefer to be free of that ID label. As a modern-day scientist, I do not know how to prove intelligent design using my most sophisticated analytical tools— the canonical tools are, by their own admission, inadequate to answer the intelligent design question. I cannot lay the issue at the doorstep of a benevolent creator or even an impersonal intelligent designer. All I can presently say is that my chemical tools do not permit my assessment of intelligent design."[60]

He explained that he felt the explanations offered by evolution are incomplete, and he found it hard to believe that nature can produce the machinery of cells through random processes.[58] On his website, he writes that "In biology, the mechanisms for such transformations are complete mysteries. I posit that the gross chemical changes needed for macroevolution (defined here as origin of the major organism groups, i.e. of body plans) are not understood and presently we cannot even suggest the mechanisms, let alone observe them…One day the requisite chemical basis might become apparent so that the questions can be answered.[60] But present-day biology is far from providing even a chemical proposal for body plan changes, let alone a data-substantiated chemical mechanism."  In his lectures, Tour has referred to modern biology’s explanations for evolution of complex systems as little more than story-telling.[61]  

Tour has written extensively on his viewpoint that all scientific studies to date are wholly inadequate to account for life. In multiple essays in the Inference: International Review of Science, Tour argues from a chemical perspective that the molecules needed for life - nucleotides, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids - are too complex to have been formed by probabilistic chance and the methods to assemble those structures into a cell are unknown.Ultimately, he believes that on matters of life's origin, which is the genesis for all evolution, that scientists are "utterly clueless".[62][63][64][65] Though he remains open to the possibility that future research will afford an explanation.[58]

In Lee Strobel's book The Case For Faith - the following commentary is attributed to Tour: "I build molecules for a living, I can't begin to tell you how difficult that job is. I stand in awe of God because of what he has done through his creation. Only a rookie who knows nothing about science would say science takes away from faith. If you really study science, it will bring you closer to God."[66]

References
  1. "James M Tour Group".
  2. "James M. Tour Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  3. "James M. Tour - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.com. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  4. Scrivens, W. A.; Tour, J. M. (1992). "Synthesis of Gram Quantities of C60 by Plasma Discharge in a Modified Round-Bottomed Flask. Key Parameters for Yield Optimization and Purification". J. Org. Chem. 1992 (57): 6932–6936. doi:10.1021/jo00051a047.
  5. Scrivens, W. A.; Bedworth, P. V.; Tour, J. M. (1992). "Purification of Gram Quantities of C60. A New Inexpensive and Facile Method". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992 (114): 7917–7919. doi:10.1021/ja00046a051.
  6. Higginbotham, A. L.; Moloney, P. G.; Waid, M. C.; Duque, J. G.; Kittrell, C.; Schmidt, H. K.; Stephenson, J. J.; Arepalli, S.; Yowell, L. L.; Tour, J. M. (2008). "Carbon Nanotube Composite Curing Through Absorption of Microwave Radiation". Composites Sci. Tech. 68 (15–16): 3087–3092. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.07.004.
  7. Mitchell, C. A.; Bahr, J. L.; Arepalli, S.; Tour, J. M.; Krishnamoorti, R. (2002). "Dispersion of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Polystyrene". Macromolecules. 35 (23): 8825–8830. Bibcode:2002MaMol..35.8825M. doi:10.1021/ma020890y.
  8. Jung, M.; Kim, J.; Noh, J.; Lim, N.; Lim, C.; Lee, G.; Kim, J.; Kang, H.; Jung, K.; Leonard, A.; Pyo, M.; Tour, J. M.; Cho, G. "All Printed and Roll-to-Roll Printable 13.56 MHz Operated 1-bit RF Tag on Plastic Foils," IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev 1 2010, 57, 571-580.
  9. Noh, J.; Jung, M.; Jung, K.; Lee, G.; Lim, S.; Kim, D.; Kim, S.; Tour, J. M.; Cho, G. (2011). "Integrable single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network based thin film transistors using roll-to-roll gravure and inkjet". Org. Electronics. 12 (12): 2185–2191. doi:10.1016/j.orgel.2011.09.006.
  10. Berlin, J. M.; Yu, J.; Lu, W.; Walsh, E. E.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, P.; Chen, W.; Kan, A. T.; Wong, M. S.; Tomson, M. B.; Tour, J. M. (2011). "Engineered Nanoparticles for Hydrocarbon Detection in Oil-field Rocks". Energy Environ Sci. 2011 (4): 505–509. doi:10.1039/c0ee00237b.
  11. Hwang, C.-C.; Wang, L.; Lu, W.; Ruan, G.; Kini, G. C.; Xiang, C.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Shi, W.; Kan, A. T.; Wong, M. S.; Tomson, M. B.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "Highly Stable Carbon Nanoparticles Designed for Downhole Hydrocarbon Detection". Energy Environ Sci. 2012 (5): 8304–8309. doi:10.1039/c2ee21574h.
  12. Ruan, G.; Sun, Z.; Peng, Z.; Tour, J. M. (2011). "Growth of Graphene from Food, Insects, and Waste". ACS Nano. 5 (9): 7601–7607. doi:10.1021/nn202625c. PMID 21800842.
  13. Sinitskii, A.; Tour, J. M. (2009). "Lithographic Graphitic Memories". ACS Nano. 3 (9): 2760–2766. doi:10.1021/nn9006225. PMID 19719147.
  14. Li, Y.; Sinitskii, A.; Tour, J. M. (2008). "Electronic Two-Terminal Bistable Graphitic Memories". Nature Materials. 7 (12): 966–971. Bibcode:2008NatMa...7..966L. doi:10.1038/nmat2331. PMID 19011617.
  15. Sano, D.; Berlin, J. M.; Pham, T. T.; Marcano, D. C.; Valdecanas, D. R.; Zhou, G.; Milas, L.; Myers, J. N.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "Noncovalent Assembly of Targeted Carbon Nanovectors Enables Synergistic Drug and Radiation Cancer Therapy in Vivo". ACS Nano. 6 (3): 2497–2505. doi:10.1021/nn204885f. PMC 3314092. PMID 22316245.
  16. Sharpe, M. A.; Marcano, D. C.; Berlin, J. M.; Widmayer, M. A.; Baskin, D. S.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "Antibody-Targeted Nanovectors for the Treatment of Brain Cancers". ACS Nano. 6 (4): 3114–3120. doi:10.1021/nn2048679. PMID 22390360.
  17. Zhu, Y.; Li, L.; Zhang, C.; Casillas, G.; Sun, Z.; Yan, Z.; Ruan, G.; Peng, Z.; Raji, A.-R. O.; Kittrell, C.; Hauge, R. H.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "A Seamless Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Graphene Hybrid Material". Nature Communications. 3: 1225. doi:10.1038/ncomms2234.
  18. Yan, Z.; Peng, Z.; Casillas, G.; Lin, J.; Xiang, C.; Zhou, H.; Yang, Y.; Ruan, G.; Raji, A.-R. O.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Hauge, R. H.; Yacaman, M. J.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Rebar Graphene". ACS Nano. 8: 5061–5068. doi:10.1021/nn501132n. PMC 4046778. PMID 24694285.
  19. Ye, R.; Xiang, C.; Lin, J.; Peng, Z.; Huang, K.; Yan, Z.; Cook, N. P.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Hwang, C.-C.; Ruan, G.; Ceriotti, G.; Raji, A.-R. O.; Martí, A. A.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Coal as an Abundant Source of Graphene Quantum Dots". Nature Communications. 4 (2943): 1–6. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2943Y. doi:10.1038/ncomms3943. PMID 24309588.
  20. Xiang, C.; Cox, P. J.; Kukovecz, A.; Genorio, B.; Hashim, D. P.; Yan, Z.; Peng, Z.; Hwang, C.-C.; Ruan, G.; Samuel, E. L. G.; Sudeep, P. M.; Konya, Z.; Vajtai, R.; Ajayan, P. M.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Functionalized Low Defect Graphene Nanoribbons and Polyurethane Composite Film for Improved Gas Barrier and Mechanical Performances" (PDF). ACS Nano. 7 (11): 10380–10386. doi:10.1021/nn404843n. PMID 24102568.
  21. Volman, V.; Zhu, Y.; Raji, A.-R.; Genorio, B.; Lu, W.; Xiang, C.; Kittrell, C.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Radio-Frequency-Transparent, Electrically Conductive Graphene Nanoribbon Thin Films as Deicing Heating Layers". ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 6 (1): 298–304. doi:10.1021/am404203y. PMID 24328320.
  22. Yang, Y.; Fan, X.; Casillas, G.; Peng, Z.; Ruan, G.; Wang, G.; Yacaman, M. J.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Fe2O3/Fe3C Graphene Heterogeneous Thin Films for Lithium-Ion Batteries". ACS Nano. 8 (4): 3939–3946. doi:10.1021/nn500865d. PMC 4004288. PMID 24669862.
  23. Zhang, C.; Peng, Z.; Lin, J.; Zhu, Y. Ruan; Hwang, C.-C.; Lu, W.; Hauge, R. H.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Splitting of a Vertical Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Carpet to a Graphene Nanoribbon Carpet and Its Use in Supercapacitors". ACS Nano. 7 (6): 5151–5159. doi:10.1021/nn400750n. PMID 23672653.
  24. Lin, J.; Peng, Z.; Wang, G.; Zakhidov, D.; Larios, E.; Yacaman, M. J.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Enhanced Electrocatalysis for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions from WS2 Nanoribbons". Adv. Energy Mater. 4: 1301875. doi:10.1002/aenm.201301875.
  25. Dimiev, A. M.; Alemany, L. B.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Graphene Oxide. Origin of Acidity, Its Instability in Water, and a New Dynamic Structural Model". ACS Nano. 7 (1): 576–588. doi:10.1021/nn3047378. PMID 23215236.
  26. Zhu, Y.; James, D. K.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "New Routes to Graphene, Graphene Oxide and Their Related Applications". Adv. Mater. 24 (36): 4924–4955. doi:10.1002/adma.201202321. PMID 22903803.
  27. Dimiev, A. M.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Mechanism of Graphene Oxide Formation". ACS Nano. 8 (3): 3060–3068. doi:10.1021/nn500606a. PMID 24568241.
  28. Romanchuk, A. Yu.; Slesarev, A. S.; Kalmykov, S. N.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Graphene Oxide for Effective Radionuclide Removal". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15 (7): 2321–2327. Bibcode:2013PCCP...15.2321R. doi:10.1039/c2cp44593j. PMID 23296256.
  29. Yao, J.; Lin, J.; Dai, Y.; Ruan, G.; Yan, Z.; Li, L.; Zhong, L.; Natelson, D.; Tour, J. M. (2012). "Highly Transparent Nonvolatile Resistive Memory Devices from Silicon Oxide and Graphene". Nature Communications. 3: 1–8. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1101Y. doi:10.1038/ncomms2110. PMID 23033077.
  30. Yang, Y.; Ruan, G.; Xiang, C.; Wang, G.; Tour, J. M. (2014). "Flexible Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Metal-Based Energy Devices". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014 (136): 6187–6190. doi:10.1021/ja501247f. PMID 24735477.
  31. Lin, Jian; Peng, Zhiwei; Liu, Yuanyue; Ruiz-Zepeda, Francisco; Ye, Ruquan; Samuel, Errol L. G.; Yacaman, Miguel Jose; Yakobson, Boris I.; Tour, James M. (December 2014). "Laser-induced porous graphene films from commercial polymers". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5714. doi:10.1038/ncomms6714. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4264682. PMID 25493446.
  32. Ye, Ruquan; James, Dustin K.; Tour, James M. (January 2019). "Laser-Induced Graphene: From Discovery to Translation". Advanced Materials. 31 (1): 1803621. doi:10.1002/adma.201803621.
  33. Stanford, Michael G.; Li, John T.; Chen, Yuda; McHugh, Emily A.; Liopo, Anton; Xiao, Han; Tour, James M. (October 22, 2019). "Self-Sterilizing Laser-Induced Graphene Bacterial Air Filter". ACS Nano. 13 (10): 11912–11920. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b05983. ISSN 1936-0851.
  34. Luong, Duy X.; Bets, Ksenia V.; Algozeeb, Wala Ali; Stanford, Michael G.; Kittrell, Carter; Chen, Weiyin; Salvatierra, Rodrigo V.; Ren, Muqing; McHugh, Emily A.; Advincula, Paul A.; Wang, Zhe (January 2020). "Gram-scale bottom-up flash graphene synthesis". Nature. 577 (7792): 647–651. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1938-0. ISSN 1476-4687.
  35. Chu, P.-L.; Wang, L.-Y.; Khatua, S.; Kolomeisky, A.; Link, S.; Tour, J. M. (2013). "Synthesis and Single-Molecule Imaging of Highly Mobile Adamantane-Wheeled Nanocars". ACS Nano. 7 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1021/nn304584a. PMID 23189917.
  36. Carroll, GT; Pollard, MM; van Delden, RA; Feringa, BL (2010). "Controlled rotary motion of light-driven molecular motors assembled on a gold surface" (PDF). Chemical Science. 1 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1039/C0SC00162G.
  37. Saywell, Alex; Bakker, Anne; Mielke, Johannes; Kumagai, Takashi; Wolf, Martin; García-López, Víctor; Chiang, Pinn-Tsong; Tour, James M.; Grill, Leonhard (2016). "Light-induced Translation of Motorized Molecules on a Surface" (PDF). ACS Nano. 10 (12): 10945–10952. doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b05650. PMID 27783488.
  38. Tour, J. M. (1996). "Conjugated Macromolecules of Precise Length and Constitution. Organic Synthesis for the Construction of Nanoarchitectures". Chem. Rev. 1996 (96): 537–553. doi:10.1021/cr9500287. PMID 11848764.
  39. Sun, Z.; Yan, Z.; Yao, J.; Beitler, E.; Zhu, Y.; Tour, J. M. (2010). "Growth of Graphene from Solid Carbon Sources". Nature. 2010 (468): 549–552. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..549S. doi:10.1038/nature09579. PMID 21068724.
  40. Kosynkin, D. V.; Higginbotham, A. L.; Sinitskii, A.; Lomeda, J. R.; Dimiev, A.; Price, B. K.; Tour, J. M. (April 2009). "Longitudinal Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes to Form Graphene Nanoribbons". Nature. 458 (7240): 872–6. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..872K. doi:10.1038/nature07872. hdl:10044/1/4321. PMID 19370030.
  41. Dimiev, A.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Sinitskii, A.; Slesarev, A.; Sun, Z.; Tour, J. M. (2011). "Layer-by-Layer Removal of Graphene for Device Patterning". Science. 331 (6021): 1168–1172. Bibcode:2011Sci...331.1168D. doi:10.1126/science.1199183. PMID 21385709.
  42. Musser, George (November 2001). "Better Killing through Chemistry: Buying chemical weapons material through the mail is quick and easy". Scientific American. 285 (6): 20–1. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1201-20. PMID 11759580. Retrieved September 6, 2007.
  43. "Board of Directors - Weebit - A Quantum Leap In Data Storage". Weebit. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  44. "About". Tag | Trace | Verify. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  45. "Home". Zeta Energy. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  46. "Spinal cord repair with graphene-polymer nanoribbons". Materials Today. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  47. "Guardian G-Volt masks use graphene and electrical charge to repel viruses". Dezeen. March 6, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  48. "Nanorobotics". nanorobotics.tech. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  49. "About Us". Universal Matter. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  50. www.roswellbiotech.com https://www.roswellbiotech.com/technology/. Retrieved June 18, 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  51. "Technology". Rust Patrol. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  52. "Professor James Tour | Centenary Prize winner 2020". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
  53. "Current NAI Fellows 2015". National Academy of Inventors. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  54. Writers, Staff (January 21, 2014). "The 50 Most Influential Scientists in the World Today". TheBestSchools.org.
  55. "R&D Magazine announces 2013 Scientist of the Year". Research & Development. November 1, 2013.
  56. "Resume of James M. Tour, Ph.D." (PDF).
  57. Williams, Mike (November 18, 2016). "9 Rice faculty on prominent 'highly cited' list". Rice University. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  58. Kenneth Chang (February 21, 2006). "Few Biologists but Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  59. "Signatories of 'A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism'" (PDF). The Discovery Institute. April 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  60. "James M Tour Group » Evolution/Creation".
  61. Dr James Tour Faith and Science at August Apologetics, retrieved June 18, 2020
  62. "Time Out – James Tour – Inference". Inference: International Review of Science. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  63. "An Open Letter to My Colleagues – James Tour – Inference". Inference: International Review of Science. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  64. "Animadversions of a Synthetic Chemist – James Tour – Inference". Inference: International Review of Science. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  65. "Two Experiments in Abiogenesis – James Tour – Inference". Inference: International Review of Science. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  66. Strobel, Lee (2000). The Case For Faith. Zondervan. p. 111. ISBN 0-310-22015-7.
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