Itō Noe

Itō was born in Imajuku, Shima-gun, Fukuoka of Japan on January 21, 1895.[1] She was born into an aristocratic family but her family business was collapsed because her father, Kamekichi, did not work well. Therefore, her mother, Mume, maintained her family which had 7 children. (Noe She was the eldest sister and third of seven children in her family).[2] In 1908, she was taken in her uncle's family, Dai Junsuke, in Nagasaki when she was 13 years old. She met a lot of books and brushed up literature skill in the house of Dai. However, her uncle's family moved Tokyo, so she came back Imajuku. In 1909, Itō was working for post office in Imajuku, but she couldn't give up to go to Tokyo, so she sent many messages to her uncle and convinced an uncle to pay for her education at Ueno Girls High School in Tokyo, from which she graduated. It was at this school where she developed an affinity for literature.[3] She was particularly fond of the progressive ideas of the time from Western and Japanese writers. It was during her second summer vacation, in 1910, at Ueno Girls School when her family pressured her to marry Suematsu Fukutaro, a man who had recently returned to Kyushu from the United States. Marrying Suematsu would be a stipulation that she had to agree to in order to continue her education. Itō wanted her own complete freedom, so she immediately started to plot a way to escape the relationship and make her home in Tokyo.[4] She made a major move in her life to Tokyo, marrying an ex-teacher, Tsuji Jun, she had met at Ueno Girls High School.[4] However, Tsuji and Itō fell into difficulties economically because Tsuji quitted his school. In order to live Tokyo, Itō relied on Hiratuka Raicho for money[2]. This is beginning point of relationship between Hiratuka and Itō. After graduation, Itō's relationship with Tsuji became romantic and they had two sons, Makoto (born on January 20, 1914) and Ryūji (born on August 10, 1915). But it was difficult for them to raise two children because of lack of money, so　they put Ryuji up for adoption in They were officially married in 1915.[1] Their relationship lasted about four years before she was captivated by Sakae Ōsugi.

Sakae Ōsugi, who was already married, engaged in simultaneous relationships with Itō, another feminist, Ichiko Kamichika, and Yasuko Hori taking the viewpoint that he loved all three women equally and should not have to choose which one he loved the most.[5] The three women he was involved with did not feel the same way, and each wanted him only for herself, which caused considerable problems.[6] Itō's passion for Ōsugi became evident in February 1916, when she went walking with him in a Tokyo park, holding his hand and kissed him in public; at the time, kissing in public and couples holding hands in Japan were considered to be deeply immoral acts that no decent person should ever engage in, and many people in the park chided the couple for their behavior.[7] Later that same day, when Ōsugi met Ichiko, he told her that he had kissed a woman in public for the first time in his entire life, which, as the woman in question was not Ichiko, caused a very heated scene.[8] Itō, who was hoping to see Ōsugi again, had followed him to Ichiko's apartment, was listening in, and chose to knock on the door to involve herself in this conversation. This in turn caused an angry scene between the two women over who loved Ōsugi the best, while Ōsugi insisted he loved both equally.[9] Ōsugi continued to live with his wife while seeing both Ichiko and Itō until November 1916, when in a moment of jealousy Ichiko followed Ōsugi and Itō to a countryside, Hayama; upon seeing that they had spent the night together, she attacked Ōsugi with a knife as he emerged out of his room in the morning, stabbing him several times in the throat.[10] Ōsugi was hospitalized as a result of his wounds and his wife left him during his stay in hospital.[11] Since Itō heard that Ōsugi got injured and went to the hospital, there were some men who was friend of Ichiko in front of the hospital. She was beaten up by them. They would have four children together, and would stay together for the rest of their lives despite never actually being legally married. Her relationship with him would remain political as well, as she worked with him as a publishing partner as well.[4] They would work together to further their ideas on anarchism through their writings and publishings. They would both become targets of the state and critics through their unabashed loyalty to their cause.[6]

Beginning in 1916, Ito lived and worked with Ōsugi, and continued to rise in the feminist group while showing growing leadership potential. As an anarchist, Itō was highly critical of the existing political system in Japan, which led her to call for an anarchism to exist in "everyday practice", namely that people should in various small ways seek routinely to undermine the kokutai.[12] Itō was especially critical of the way that most Japanese people automatically deferred to the state and accepted the claim that the emperor was a god who had to be obeyed unconditionally, leading her to complain that it was very difficult to get most people to think critically.[13] As someone who had challenged the kokutai, Itō was constantly harassed by the police to the point that she complained of feeling that her home was a prison, as she could not go out without a policeman stopping her.[14]

Itō joined the Bluestocking Society (青鞜社 Seitō-sha), as producer of the feminist arts-and-culture magazine Seitō (青鞜) in 1915, contributing until 1916. In her last year as Editor-in-Chief,[15] she practiced an inclusive attitude towards content; she "opened the pages to extended discussions of abortion, prostitution, free love and motherhood".[16] Seitō founder ,Hiratsku Raichō, would describe her as a writer with intense and natural emotion.[4]

Under Itō's editorship, Seitō became a more radical journal that led the government to ban five issues of Seitō as threatening the kokutai.[17] The February 1914 edition of Seitō was banned by the censors because of a short story Itō had published in the journal titled Shuppon ("Flight") about a young woman who escapes from an arranged marriage and is then betrayed by her lover who promised to escape with her from Japan.[18] The June 1915 edition of Seitō was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan.[19] Three other editions of Seitō were banned because of an erotic short story where a woman happily remembers having sex the previous night; another edition for a short story dealing with the break-up of an arranged marriage, and another edition for an article titled "To The Women of the World" calling for women to marry for love.[20] The narratives in Itō's stories held common themes: they were all influenced by her own thoughts on her political and personal beliefs, painting a vivid literary picture of the issues afflicting her at the time.[4]Her personal writings published into Seitō dealt with the many problems that she had dealt with in her own life such as arranged marriages, denial of the free love she much longed for, and the sexual nature that all human felt but had been repressed. Her short story "Mayoi" in 1914 told the story of a student who moves in with her ex-school teacher, only to find out he had been intimate with her former classmate. This story directly parallels her own life with Tsuji Jun.[4] "Tenki" another one of her stories published into Seitō, dealt with more of her own issues, as the main protagonists is drawn to social activism as her marriage proves to be an obstacle to that. Itō's writing was a way for her to express her only personal beliefs, and she often used her own real life events to draw upon in order to create her stories.[4]

Itō had Seitō became more concerned with social issues than it had been before, and in 1914-16, she engaged in a debate on the pages of Seitō with another feminist, Yamakawa Kikue, about whether prostitution should be legalized or not.[21] Ito argued for the legalization of prostitution for the same reasons that she favored the legalization of abortion, namely that she believed that women's bodies belonged only to them, and that the state had no business telling a woman what she may or may not do with her body.[22] Furthermore, Itō argued that the Japanese social system did not offer many economic opportunities to women and that most Japanese prostitutes were destitute women who turned to selling sex in order to survive, which led her to the conclusion that these women should not be punished for merely seeking a means to live.[23] Itō wrote social criticism and novels, as well as translated socialist and anarchist writings from English to Japanese, from the authors such as American Emma Goldman (The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation, etc.).[24] In February 1916, Seitō published its last edition due to a lack of funds, as the government had prevented distributors from carrying the magazine.[25]

In the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake on September 16, 1923, according to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6-year-old nephew Munekazu (born in Portland, Oregon) were arrested, strangled to death, and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police (known as the Kenpeitai) led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu.[26] Once the bodies were retrieved from the well, both Ōsugi and Itō's bodies were inspected and found to be covered with bruises indicating that they had been severely beaten.[4] According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells.[27] Noe Itō was 28 years old.[26]

The killing of such high-profile anarchists, together with a young child, became known as the Amakasu Incident and sparked shock and anger throughout Japan.[24] Amakasu was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for the murders, but he was released after serving only three years and engaged with construction of Manchuria.

Itō and Ōsugi are both buried in the Kutsunoya cemetery in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka.

Director Kijū Yoshida made Eros + Massacre in 1969, about Sakae Ōsugi; Itō features prominently in the film.[28]

• Filler, Stephen. "Going beyond Individualism: Romance, Personal Growth, and Anarchism in the Autobiographical Writings of Itō Noe." US-Japan Women's Journal 37 (2009): 57-90 Online.
• Shone, Steve J. "Itō Noe, Japanese Anarchist Follower of Emma Goldman." in Shone. Women of Liberty. Brill, 2019) pp. 186-205.
• Sievers, Sharon. Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan (1983)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noe Itō.

• Biography of Noe Ito on libcom.org
• The life of Noe Itou at the Wayback Machine (archived March 8, 2005) (Harumi Setouchi's novel Bi wa rantyou ni ari at Fukuoka Prefectural Itoshima High School)