History of Le Havre

Le Havre was founded on 8 October 1517 as a new port by royal command of François I partly to replace the historic harbours of Harfleur and Honfleur which had become increasingly impractical due to silting-up. The city was originally named Franciscopolis after the king, and was subsequently renamed Le Havre-de-Grâce ("Harbour of Grace") after an existing chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce ("our Lady of Grace"). The name of the American city of Havre de Grace, Maryland, is inspired by this name.

See also

References
  1. Prehistory and Antiquity, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012 (in French)
  2. The Neolithic position of Fortins at Le Havre (Montgeon Forest), Louis Cayeux, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France, Vol. 60, No. 7-8, 1953, 426–431 pages, consulted on 22 July 2012 (in French)
  3. Middle Ages, Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012 (in French)
  4. Claire Étienne-Steiner, Frédéric Saunier, Le Havre a port of new towns, 2005, éditions du patrimoine, p. 21 (in French)
  5. Modern Period (1492–1610), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 22 July 2012 (in French)
  6. "Narrative of Le Moyne- TheNewWorld.us". TheNewWorld.us. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
  7. Charles Bost, Stories of Regional Protestant History, Vl. 1 : "Normandie", Union Fraternelle des Églises Réformées de Normandie, 1928 and Notes on Heritage No. 71, Le Havre, Éd. Momum, 2005 (in French)
  8. Modern Period (1611–1715), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012 (in French)
  9. Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, The Slave Trade, Global Historical Essay, Paris, Gallimard, 2004, pp. 171–172 (in French)
  10. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 284
  11. Modern Period (1716–1788), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012 (in French)
  12. Revolutionary Period (1789–1814), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012 (in French)
  13. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2) p. 398 (in French)
  14. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2) p. 408 (in French)
  15. Pierre Gras, The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6). (in French)
  16. Contemporary Period (1815–1913), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012 (in French)
  17. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 433 (in French)
  18. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 421 (in French)
  19. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 454 (in French)
  20. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 452 (in French)
  21. Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001 (ISBN 2-7089-1707-2), p. 465 (in French)
  22. Contemporary Period (1914–1988), Municipal Archives of Le Havre, consulted on 23 July 2012 (in French)
  23. Pierre Gras, The time of Ports. Decline and Recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6) p. 23 (in French)
  24. September 1944: The siege and the battle of Le Havre, consulted on 21 March 2013 (in French)
  25. Dombrowski-Risser 2009, p. 63
  26. Pierre Gras, The Time of Ports. Decline and recovery in Port Cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6), p. 24 (in French)
  27. Clout 1999, p. 187
  28. The civilian victims of the bombing of Upper-Normandy. 1 January 1944 – 12 September 1944, CRHQ-IRED-La Mandragore, preface by Antoine Rufenacht, Bernard Garnier, Michel Pigenet, M. Dandel, G. Duboc, A. Kitts, E. Lapersonne, 1997, 350 pages, ISBN 2-912468-02-7, p. 14 (in French)
  29. Ambrose, Stephen. Citizen Soldiers, p 274-277.
  30. Pierre Gras, The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6), p. 25 (in French)
  31. Kuhl, Lowis & Thiel-Siling 2008, p. 61
  32. UNESCO 2005, p. 5
  33. Pierre Gras, The time of Ports. Decline and recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 p. (ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6), p. 44 (in French)
  34. Frampton 1995, p. 145
  35. Clout 1999, p. 199

Bibliography
See also: Timeline of Le Havre § Bibliography
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