Helen Craik

Helen Craik (c. 1751 – 11 June 1825) was a Scottish poet and novelist, and a correspondent of Robert Burns. She praised him for being a "native genius, gay, unique and strong" in an introductory poem to his Glenriddell Manuscripts.[1]

Early life

Helen Craik was born at Arbigland, Kirkbean in the historical county of Kirkcudbrightshire, probably in 1751, as one of the six legitimate children of William Craik (1703–1798), a laird keen to improve a large estate of relatively poor land, and his wife Elizabeth (died 1787), daughter of William Stewart of New Abbey, also near Dumfries.

The naval captain John Paul Jones (1747–1792), who played a prominent part in founding the US navy, was also born at Arbigland. He was rumoured to be Helen Craik's father's illegitimate son.[2] Suppositions that one of her sisters was the novelist Catherine Cuthbertson have not been substantiated.[3] Craik was later to write an account of her father's life and agricultural innovations in the form of two letters to The Farmer's Magazine, published in 1811.[4]

Burns

Craik became a correspondent of Robert Burns. Two of his letters to her have survived. The first, dated 9 August 1790 and written from Ellisland, accompanied manuscript copies of two of his "late Pieces".[5] He also wrote to her expressing admiration for a poem of hers, "Helen", which has since been lost, as has much of her other poetry.

A later generation saw "Wertherism" in her poetry, in the sense that its sentimentalism was influenced by Goethe's epistolary novel The Sorrows of Werther (1774, rev. 1787).[6] Craik was also a friend of the fellow poet Maria Riddell,[7] who was a niece by marriage to Burns's patron Robert Riddell, to whom Craik addressed two poems that survive in manuscript.[2]

Cumberland

However, a breach may have appeared in the Craik family over the purported suicide of a groom on her father's estate. He was locally thought to have been engaged to marry Helen Craik and murdered for that reason by a member of her family. Whether this was true or not, Craik moved abruptly in 1792 from Arbigland to Flimby Hall, Cumberland, which belonged to relatives of hers, and stayed there for the rest of her life.[2]

Novels

If true, those dramatic events are echoed in the five novels of hers published anonymously between 1796 and 1805 by the firm of Minerva Press,[8] best known for sentimental and Gothic fiction. One of them, Adelaide de Narbonne (1800), has been called "perhaps the most impressive" of novels of opinion "in terms of its integration of plot and politics."[9]

Some parallels to Craik's novels have been found in Fanny Burney's novel The Wanderer, set in 1793 and written in the 1790s and intermittently up to its publication in 1814. "Like Burney, Craik does not ultimately support the French Revolution (though she creates some genial revolutionary characters like Corday [in Julia de St. Pierre, 1796]), but rather removes her characters 'from the increasing anarchy prevalent in France' to 'the more peaceful island of Great Britain'" (p. 368).[10]

Julia de Saint Pierre is dedicated to a likewise anonymous family friend. It has a heroine who survives victimization by a degraded mother, by the mother's lover, and by a young man who unexpectedly betrays her. Henry of Northumberland, or The Hermit's Cell (1800), with a gloomy medieval background, is the only one of the five not set in her own time. Adelaide de Narbonne turns the historical Charlotte Corday, assassin of Jean-Paul Marat, into a rational republican. Stella of the North, or The Foundling of the Ship (1802, set in her native Dumfriesshire) features two mysterious babies, one dead and one to be heroine. Her final novel was The Nun and her Daughter, or Memoirs of the Courville Family (1805).[7]

Memorial

Craik eventually inherited a half-share in the Flimby estate, but no part of her father's at Arbigland, which went to a distant male relative, John Hamilton. She died unmarried at Flimby Hall on 11 June 1825. Her obituaries and her memorial in the village church call her a published author in English and French (works in the latter have not survived) and a philanthropist to the poor, a theme that appears in her novels.[2]

References
  1. The Oxford Edition of the Works of Robert Burns. Vol. I, ed. Nigel Leask (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2014), p. 404, note 390. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  2. Craciun, Adriana (2011) [2004]. "Craik, Helen (1751–1825)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/45843. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. Biography of Catherine Cuthbertson by Beryl Chaudhuri, Corvey "Adopt an Author". Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  4. The Farmer's Magazine, June 1811, p. 145 ff. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  5. The Burns Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  6. George Neilson, writing in The Glasgow Herald of 15 March 1919, quoted in ODNB.
  7. The Feminist Companion to Literature in English, eds Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy (London: Batsford, 1990), pp. 246–247.
  8. Retrieved 29 June 2015 The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women, eds. Elizabeth L. Ewan, etc., Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh UP, 2006, pp. 82–83.
  9. M. O. Grenby, "Novels of Opinion". In: The Cambridge Companion to British Literature of the French Revolution in the 1790s, ed. Pamela Clemit (Cambridge, UK: CUP, 2011), p. 167. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  10. Adriana Craciun and Kari Lokke, eds: Rebellious Hearts. British Women Writers and the French Revolution (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2001), p. 222 Retrieved 19 July 2015.
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