Harry Beck

Henry Charles Beck (4 June 1902[1] – 18 September 1974) was an English technical draughtsman who created the present London Underground Tube map in 1931.[2] Beck drew up the diagram in his spare time while working as an engineering draftsman at the London Underground Signals Office. London Underground was initially sceptical of Beck's radical proposal, an uncommissioned spare-time project, but tentatively introduced it to the public in a small pamphlet in 1933. It was immediately popular, and the Underground has used topological maps to illustrate the network ever since.

For the footballer, see Harry Beck (footballer).

Harry Beck
Born
Henry Charles Beck

(1902-06-04)4 June 1902
Leyton, Essex, United Kingdom
Died18 September 1974(1974-09-18) (aged 72)
Southampton, United Kingdom
NationalityBritish
OccupationElectrical Designer, Artist
Known forTube map
Parent(s)Joshua and Eleanor Louisa Beck

London Underground map
Map of underground lines, 1908

Before Beck

Prior to the Beck diagram (the underground map that he created), the various underground lines had been laid out geographically, often superimposed over the roadway of a city map. This meant the centrally located stations were shown very close together and the out-of-town stations spaced far apart. From around 1909 a new type of 'map' appeared inside the train cars; it was a non-geographic linear diagram, in most cases a simple straight horizontal line, which equalized the distances between stations. By the late 1920s most Underground lines and some mainline (especially LNER) services displayed these, many of which had been drawn by George Dow. Some writers and broadcasters have speculated that Dow's maps partly inspired Beck's work.[3][4] The geographical-based map, used immediately prior to Beck, in 1932, was produced by the underground map designer for the period 1926–1932, F. H. Stingemore. It was Stingemore's idea to slightly expand the central area of the map for ease of reading.[5]

Beck's Underground Map of 1933

Beck's concept

It was however Beck who had the idea of creating a full system map in colour. He believed that Underground passengers were not concerned with geographical accuracy and were more interested in how to get from one station to another and where to change trains. While drawing an electrical circuit diagram,[6] Beck came up with a new idea for a map that was based upon the concept of an electrical schematic on which all the stations were more-or-less equally spaced rather than a geographic map. Beck first submitted his idea to Frank Pick of London Underground in 1931 but it was considered too radical because it did not show distances relative from any one station to the others. The design was therefore rejected by the Publicity department at first, but the designer persisted. So, after a successful trial of 500 copies in 1932, distributed via a few select stations, the map was given its first full publication in 1933 (700,000 copies). The positive reaction from customers proved it was a sound design, and a large reprint was required after only one month.[7]

It is suggested by Degani (2013) that one of the configuration techniques employed by Beck was that of an "underlying grid". In some cases the vertical and horizontal grid units are equalised, but on the whole the grid is rectilinear. The result is a "relaxed grid ... which has a certain rhythm and charm – somewhat similar to the grid used by modern artists (e.g. Piet Mondrian's painting Composition With Yellow, Blue and Red, 1937–42.)"[5]

The map after Beck
The modern Tube map, based on the simplified topological design invented by Beck

Beck tried to regain control of the map,[6] threatening legal action until 1965, "bitter and betrayed by the very organisation he had helped, so admirably, to promote."[5]

In 1997, Beck's importance was posthumously recognised, and currently (2018) the statement 'This diagram is an evolution of the original design conceived in 1931 by Harry Beck' is printed on every London Underground map.[8]

Design Icon

As part of the Transported by Design programme of activities, in 15 October 2015, after two months of public voting, Harry Beck's tube map was elected by Londoners as number 3 of the 10 favourite transport design icons.[9][10]

Other works

In 1938 he produced a diagram of the entire rail system of the London region (as far as St Albans in the north, Ongar in the north east, Romford in the east, Bromley in the south east, Mitcham in the south, Hinchley Wood in the south west, Ashford in the west, and Tring in the north west). It included both the Underground and mainlines. It was not published at the time but was seen in Ken Garland's book, first published in 1994; it took until 1973 until any official attempt was made to replicate a rail diagram for the entire London region.[11]

Beck produced at least one map for British Railways. After nationalisation, the Eastern Region commissioned Beck to produce a map of the suburban lines out of Marylebone, King's Cross, Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street, similar in scope to earlier maps produced by George Dow for the London & North Eastern Railway.[4]

Beck produced at least two versions of a diagram for the Paris Métro. The project, which Beck was never commissioned to do, may have been begun, according to Ken Garland, as early as before the start of World War II.[11] A version dating from approximately 1946 is published in Garland's book. His second version is published for the first time in Mark Ovenden's book about the Paris Métro.[12]

Recognition
Memorial plaque at Finchley Central Underground station

According to some accounts, Beck was never formally commissioned to develop his initial idea and worked on the map only in his spare time. He was thus never actually paid for the map. Other sources report that he was paid a fee of five or ten guineas.[5]

After long failing to acknowledge Beck's importance as the original designer of the Tube map, London Regional Transport finally created the Beck gallery at the London Transport Museum in the early 1990s, where his works are displayed. A commemorative plaque was installed at Finchley Central Underground station. Beck's home at 60 Court House Road, Finchley was marked with a plaque by the Finchley Society in 2003.[13]

In March 2006 viewers of BBC2's The Culture Show and visitors to London's Design Museum voted Harry Beck's Tube map as their second-favourite British design of the 20th century in the Great British Design Quest. The winner was Concorde.[14]

GB Railfreight named locomotive 66721 after Beck in January 2007.[15]

In January 2009 the Royal Mail included Beck's map when it issued a set of postage stamps celebrating British design classics.[16]

In March 2013 a blue plaque was unveiled on the house where Beck was born, in Wesley Road in Leyton, to mark the 80th anniversary of the Tube map.[17][18]

References
  1. "Beck, Henry (Harry)". Explore 20th Century London. 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  2. "Design Classics: The London Underground Map". BBC Four. 2 August 2008.
  3. "Visions of Earth". National Geographic: 30. July 2008.
  4. Dow, Andrew (2005). Telling the Passenger Where to Get Off: George Dow and the evolution of the diagrammatic railway map (1 ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-291-7.
  5. Degani, A. (July 2013). "A Tale of Two Maps: An analysis of the London Underground "Diagram"". Ergonomics in Design. 21 (3): 7–16.
  6. "Harry Beck and London's iconic tube map". Time Out London. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  7. "1931 Underground Map by Harry Beck Poster". London Transport Museum Online Shop. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  8. Heller, Bee (16 October 2013). "London Underground's pioneer". thepioneers.co.uk. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  9. "Transported By Design: Vote for your favourite part of London transport". Time Out London. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  10. "London transport's 10 greatest designs". TimeOut London. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  11. Garland, Ken (1994). Mr Beck's Underground Map. Harrow Weald, Middlesex: Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-168-6.
  12. Ovenden, Mark (2008). Paris Metro Style in map and station design. Harrow Weald, Middlesex: Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-322-0.
  13. "Newsletter". Finchley Society. June 2003. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  14. "Concorde beats Tube map by a nose in UK design vote". Transport for London. 20 March 2006.
  15. "New Locos named for Metronet and GBRf". Railway People. 31 January 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  16. Glancey, Jonathan (13 January 2009). "In pictures: Royal Mail's British design classic stamps". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  17. "London's Tube map creator Harry Beck gets blue plaque". BBC News. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  18. Kennedy, Maev (25 March 2013). "Harry Beck Tube Designer Honoured – Blue Plaque". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 November 2013.

Further reading
  • Leboff, B. and Demuth, T. No need to ask! Early Maps of London's Underground Railways, Harrow Weald, Middlesex: Capital Transport. 1999, ISBN 1-85414-215-1.
  • Max Roberts. Underground maps after Beck. Harrow Weald, Middlesex: Capital Transport, 2005. ISBN 1-85414-286-0
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