Halex process
In chemistry, the Halex process is used to convert aromatic chlorides to the corresponding aromatic fluorides. The process entails Halide exchange, hence the name.[1] The reaction conditions call for hot (150-250 °C) solution of the aryl chloride in dimethylsulfoxide and anhydrous potassium fluoride. Potassium chloride is generated in the process. The reaction is mainly applied to nitro-substituted aryl chlorides.
The following reactions are practiced commercially in this manner:[2]
- 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene → 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene
- 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene → 1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene
- 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene → 1-chloro-2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzene
- 1,4-dichloro-2-nitrobenzene → 1-chloro-4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzene
- 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene → 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- 5-chloro-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride → 5-fluoro-2-nitrobenzotrifluoride
- 1,3-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene → 1,3-difluoro-4-nitrobenzene
- 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile → 2,6-difluorobenzonitrile
References
- Furuya, Takeru; Klein, Johannes E. M. N.; Ritter, Tobias (2010). "C–F Bond Formation for the Synthesis of Aryl Fluorides". Synthesis: 1804–1821. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1218742. PMC 2953275.
- Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2002). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_349..
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