Guanidine nitrate

Guanidine nitrate is the chemical compound with the formula [C(NH2)3]NO3. It is a colorless, water-soluble salt. It is produced on a large scale and finds use as precursor for nitroguanidine [1], fuel in pyrotechnics and gas generators. Its correct name is guanidinium nitrate, but the incorrect term guanidine nitrate is widely used.

Not to be confused with Nitroguanidine.
Guanidine nitrate
Names
IUPAC name
Guanidinium nitrate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.328
EC Number
  • 208-060-1
UNII
Properties
CH6N4O3
Molar mass 122.1
Appearance White solid
Density 1.436 g/cm3
Melting point 216 °C (421 °F; 489 K)
Boiling point Decomposes commencing at 240 °C
160 g/l at 20 °C
Hazards
Safety data sheet MSDS
O
R-phrases (outdated) R20 R21 R22 R36 R38
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformReactivity code 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerinSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
2
4
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Production and properties

Although it is the salt formed by neutralizing guanidine with nitric acid, guanidine nitrate is produced industrially by the reaction of dicyandiamide (or calcium salt) and ammonium nitrate.[2]

It has been used as a monopropellant in the Jetex engine for model airplanes. It is attractive because it has a high gas output and low flame temperature. It has a relatively high monopropellant specific impulse of 177 seconds (1.7 kN·s/kg).[note 1]

Guanidine nitrate's explosive decomposition is given by the following equation: H6N4CO3 (s) → 3 H2O (g) + 2 N2 (g) + C (s)

Safety

The compound is a hazardous substance, being an explosive and containing an oxidant (nitrate). It is also harmful to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.[2]

Notes
  1. 1000 lbf/in2 (700 kPa) chamber pressure, 14.7 lbf/in2 (101 kPa) exit pressure, shifting equilibrium theoretical performance.
  1. E.-C. Koch, Insensitive High Explosives: III. Nitroguanidine - Synthesis - Structure - Spectroscopy- Sensitiveness, Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 2019, 44, 267-292.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/prep.201800253
  2. Thomas Güthner, Bernd Mertschenk and Bernd Schulz "Guanidine and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a12_545.pub2
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