Greenhouse gas emissions in Kentucky

Greenhouse gas inventory

The report "Kentucky Greenhouse Gas Inventory" provides a detailed inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks for Kentucky in 1990. Emissions were estimated using methods from EPA's 1995 guidance document State Workbook: Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In 1990, Kentucky emitted 35.4 million metric tons of carbon equivalent (MMTCE). In addition, Kentucky estimated emissions of 0.4 MMTCE from biofuels. Emissions from biofuels are not included.

The principal greenhouse gases were carbon dioxide, comprising 87.9 million metric tons (24.0 MMTCE), and methane, with 1.1 million metric tons (6.4 MMTCE). Other emissions included 0.0016 million metric tons of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) (4.8 MMTCE), and 0.003 million metric tons of nitrous oxide (0.2 MMTCE)

The major source of carbon dioxide emissions was fossil fuel combustion (96%), the majority of which is utility coal. Minor emissions came from cement and lime production and forest/grassland conversion. Carbon dioxide sinks (i.e., an increase in forest carbon storage) offset about 26% of the total carbon dioxide emissions.

Sources of methane emissions were coal mining (73%), domesticated animals (12%), landfills (10%), manure management (3%), and natural gas/oil extraction (2%).

Nitrous oxide emissions were from fertilizer use. Sources of perfluorocarbons were HCFC-22 production (91%) and aluminum production (9%).

Kentucky's emissions in 1990 were 9.6 MTCE per capita, compared to 1990 U.S. emissions of 6.4 MTCE per capita. Kentucky's per capita emissions are high due to the large volume of coal-related activities in the state.[1]

Coal-seam fires

A great deal of greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants in Kentucky originate in coal-seam fires. These can continue to burn for hundreds of years due the low supply of oxygen leading to a slow rate of burn.[2]

Coal-seam fires in Kentucky include the Truman Shepherd fire in Floyd and Knott counties (1400 t/yr CO2 in 2010),[3] the Ruth Mullins fire in Perry County (726 t/yr CO2 in 2010),[3] the Old Smokey fire in Floyd County,[4] The Truman Shepherd fire was brought down to less than 66 t/yr CO2 by 2013 through mitigating actions.[5]

Carbon-dioxide storage

Carbon sequestration is the process of injecting carbon-dioxide into geological formations in order to store it and prevent it entering the atmosphere. Pumping carbon-dioxide into geological formations has been done in the oil industry for some time for the purpose of extracting oil. For this reason the technology is considered proven, at least as far as the physical pumping is concerned. Unmineable coal seams are one possible formation that could be used for this purpose. As of 2010, there are plans to conduct a feasibility study in conjunction with the Kentucky Geological Survey. The Kentucky Carbon Storage Foundation will drill the test well. The facility is intended to serve a coal gasification plant planned by Peabody Energy and ConocoPhillips.[6]

References
  1. Randy Strait, Maureen Mullen, Bill Dougherty, Rachel Anderson, Andy Bollman, Viola Glenn, Juan Maldonado, Steve Roe, Jackson Schreiber, Brad Strode, Katie Pasko, Final Kentucky Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Reference Case Projections 1990-2030, Center for Climate Strategies, June 2010.
  2. Ann G. Kim, "Coal formation and the origin of coal fires", p. 15 in, Glenn B. Stracher, Anupma Prakash, Ellina V. Sokol (eds), Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, volume 1, Elsevier, 2010 ISBN 9780080931630.
  3. Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe, Kevin R. Henke, James C. Hower, Mark A. Engle, Glenn B. Stracherd, J.D. Stucker, Jordan W. Drew, Wayne D. Staggs, Tiffany M. Murray, Maxwell L. Hammond III, Kenneth D. Adkins, Bailey J. Mullins, Edward W. Lemley, "CO2, CO, and Hg emissions from the Truman Shepherd and Ruth Mullins coal fires, eastern Kentucky, USA", Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, iss. 7, pp. 1628-1633, March 2010.
  4. Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe, Erika R. Neace, Edward W. Lemley, James C. Hower, Kevin R. Henke, Gregory Copley, Rachel S. Hatch, Anne B. Satterwhite, Donald R. Blake, "Old Smokey coal fire, Floyd County, Kentucky: Estimates of gaseous emission rates", International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 87, iss. 2, pp. 150-156, August 2011.
  5. James C. Hower, Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe, Kevin R. Henke, Nicola J. Wagner, Gregory Copley, Donald R. Blake, Trent Garrison, Marcos L.S. Oliveira, Rubens M. Kautzmann, Luis F.O. Silva, "Gaseous emissions and sublimates from the Truman Shepherd coal fire, Floyd County, Kentucky: A re-investigation following attempted mitigation of the fire", International Journal of Coal Geology, vols. 116-117, pp. 63-74, 1 September 2013.
  6. Julie Kerr Casper, Greenhouse Gases: Worldwide Impacts, pp. 49-51, Infobase Publishing, 2010 ISBN 9780816072644.

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "Kentucky Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks Inventory: Summary, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency".

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