Gilles Kepel

Originally trained as a classicist, he started to study Arabic after a journey to the Levant in 1974. He first graduated in Philosophy and English,[5] then completed his Arabic language studies at the French Institute in Damascus (1977–78), and received his degree from Sciences Po in 1980.[5] He specialized in contemporary Islamist movements, and spent three years at the Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales (CEDEJ) where he did the fieldwork for his PhD[2] (defended 1983) on “Islamist movements in Egypt”,[6] which would be translated and published in the UK in 1985 as his first English book as The Prophet and Pharaoh (US: Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1986). This was the first book in any language to analyze contemporary Islamist militancy, and it remains a standard reader to this day in universities worldwide.[7]

After his return to France, where he became a researcher at CNRS (France National Research Faculty) he investigated the developments of Islam as a social and political phenomenon there, which led to his Banlieues de l’Islam[8] (not translated) book (1987), a primer on studies of Islam in the West. He then turned to the compared study of political-religious movements in Islam, Judaism and Christianity, and published in 1991 The Revenge of God,[9] a best-selling book which was translated in 19 languages.[10]

A visiting professor at New York University in 1993, he also did fieldwork among black Muslims in the U.S., which would be compared which phenomena pertaining to the Rushdie affair in the UK and the Hijab affairs in France, and lead to his Allah in the West (1996).[11]

He received his Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (Habilitation to be a PhD supervisor) in 1993 – from a Committee presided by Pr René Rémond, President of Sciences Po, and including Professors Rémy Leveau, Ernest Gellner, Alain Touraine, and André Miquel. He was promoted to research director at CNRS in 1995, and spent academic year 1995–1996 in the US as New York Consortium Professor (a joint position at Columbia and New York Universities and the New School for Social Research). He used the library facilities at NYU and Columbia to prepare the bibliography for his best-selling book Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam based on two years of fieldwork in the Muslim World from Indonesia to Africa, which came out in English in 2001, and was translated in a dozen languages.[12] Though the book was hailed due to its scope and perspective, it was criticized after 9/11 because it documented the failure of political Islamist mobilization in the late 1990s. Kepel answered his critics with his travelogue Bad Moon Rising in 2002.[13] He then analyzed in retrospect that failure as the end of a first phase of what he would later designate as the “dialectics of Jihadism”. It epitomized the struggle against the “nearby enemy”, followed by a second phase (Al Qaeda) that learned the lessons of such failure and focused on the “faraway enemy”,[14] which in turn failed to mobilize the Muslim masses under the banner of Jihadists. It was ultimately followed by a third phase consisting of network-based Jihadi cells in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, that of ISIS. This Jihad trilogy was further studied in The War for Muslim Minds (2006) and Beyond Terror and Martyrdom (2008). With his students, Kepel also co-edited Al Qaeda in its Own Words [15](2006) – a translation and analysis of chosen texts by Jihadi ideologues Abdallah Azzam, Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.

In 2001, he was appointed as a tenured professor of political science at Sciences Po, where he created the Middle East and Mediterranean Program, and the EuroGolfe Forum.[16] He supervised more than 40 PhD dissertations, and created the “Proche Orient” series,[17] of which he was the general editor, at Presses Universitaires de France, for his PhD graduates to publish their first book after their dissertation. The series comprised 23 volumes from 2004 to 2017 – many of them finding their way into English translations.[17]

In 2008, accused of assaulting academic researcher Pascal Menoret at the Middle East Studies Association in Washington, Gilles Kepel was expelled from the association.[18][19]

In December 2010, the month of Mohammad Bouazizi's self immolation at Sidi Bouzid, in Tunisia, that sparked the Arab Spring, Sciences Po closed the Middle East and Mediterranean Program. Kepel was elected a senior fellow at Institut Universitaire de France for five years (2010–2015),[20] which allowed him to refocus on fieldwork. He was also offered the visiting “Philippe Roman Professorship in History and International Relations” at the London School of Economics” in 2009–2010.

In 2012, he published Banlieue de la République,[21] a survey of the 2005 French Banlieues riots in the Clichy-Montfermeil area, north of Paris, whence the events sparked. The study was based on one-year participant observation on the premises with a team of students, in cooperation with Institut Montaigne think-tank. A sequel, Quatre-vingt treize[22] (or “93” from the postal code of the Seine Saint Denis district north of Paris) designed a more general perspective on Islam in France, 25 years after Kepel's seminal Les banlieues de l’Islam.

In 2013, he documented the Arab upheavals with the travelogue Passion Arabe,[23] a best-selling book that was awarded the “Pétrarque Prize” by France Culture radio and Le Monde daily as best book of the year.

In 2014, Passion Française,[24] a survey cum travelogue that documented the first generation of candidates to the Parliamentary elections of June 2012 who were from Muslim descent, and focused on Marseille and Roubaix, was the third book in a tetralogy that would culminate with Terror in France] / The Rise of Jihad in the West (2017 – original French 2015) that dealt with the terror attacks by Jihadists in France and put them in perspective.

In 2016, La Fracture, based on radio chronicles on France Culture in 2015–16, analyzed the impact of Jihadi terror in the wake of the massive attacks on French and European soil. It puts them in perspective with the rise of extreme-right parties in Europe and questions the very fracture of politics in the Old Continent.[25]

Kepel serves on several advisory boards such as the High Council of the Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris or, since 2016, of the Berlin-based Middle East think tank Candid Foundation.[26][27]

In February 2016 he was appointed chairman of the newly founded Program of Excellence on the Mediterranean and the Middle East at Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL) University, based at Ecole Normale Supérieure. He is in charge of the monthly seminar on “Violence and Dogma: the use of the past in contemporary Islamism”.

Since January 2018, Gilles Kepel is professor at the Paris Sciences & Lettres University.

In October 2018, he published in the French Gallimard Editions : Sortir du Chaos, Les crises en Méditerranée et au Moyen Orient

He contributes regularly to Le Monde, The New York Times, La Repubblica, El Pais, and several Arab media outlets. He was interviewed in the 2004 BBC documentary The Power of Nightmares: The Rise Of The Politics Of Fear.

According to Kepel, jihadi terrorism is caused by fundamentalist Islam, an ideology which clashes with the values of Western democracies.[28]

In 2017, Kepel criticized Olivier Roy's assertion that jihadi terrorism is only loosely connected to Islamic fundamentalism as Roy neither speaks Arabic nor looks into the Salafi doctrine behind the jihadism. Kepel also referred to London as "Londonistan": "[the United Kingdom] gave shelter to radical Islamist leaders from around the world as a sort of insurance policy against jihadi terrorism. But you know, when you go for dinner with the devil...".[28] Roy has said "I have been accused of disregarding the link between terrorist violence and the religious radicalisation of Islam through Salafism, the ultra-conservative interpretation of the faith. I am fully aware of all of these dimensions; I am simply saying that they are inadequate to account for the phenomena we study, because no causal link can be found on the basis of the empirical data we have available."[29]

• The Prophet and Pharaoh, Paris, Le Seuil, [1984] (US : Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1986)
• Les banlieues de l'Islam. Naissance d'une religion en France, Paris, Le Seuil, [1987], 2nd edition 1991.
• The revenge of God: The resurgence of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the modern world, Cambridge, Polity, 1994.
• A l'ouest d'Allah, Paris, Le Seuil, [1994], 1996.
• Allah in the West: Islamic movements in America and Europe, Oxford, Polity, 1997.
• Chronique d'une guerre d'Orient, automne 2001. Brève chronique d'Israël et de Palestine', avril-mai 2001, Paris, Gallimard, 2002.
• La Revanche de Dieu: Chrétiens, juifs et musulmans à la reconquête du monde, Paris, Le Seuil, [1991], 2003.
• Jihad : expansion et déclin de l'islamisme, Paris, Gallimard, [2000], revised edition 2003.
• Bad moon rising: A chronicle of the Middle East today, London, Saqi, 2003.
• The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West, Cambridge, Mass / London, Belknap Press, 2004. — translation of Fitna. guerre au coeur de l'islam : essai, Paris, Gallimard, 2004.
• Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, London, I.B. Tauris, 2004.
• The roots of radical Islam, London, Saqi Books, 2005.
• Du jihad à la fitna, Paris, Bayard / BNF, 2005.
• G. Kepel and J-P Milelli (ed.), Al Qaeda in its own words, HUP, 2008.
• Beyond terror and martyrdom: The future of the Middle East, Cambridge, Harvard Belknap Press, 2008.
• Passion arabe, Paris, Gallimard, 2013
• Passion française, Paris, Gallimard, 2014
• Terror in France / The Rise of Jihad in the West (2017 – original French 2015)
• La Fracture, co-édition Gallimard / France Culture, Paris 2016
• Sortir du Chaos : Les Crises en Méditerranée et au Moyen-Orient, Paris, Gallimard, 2018

• What fuels Islamic extremism in France? – PBS