Gilbert Clayton

Brigadier-General Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton KCMG KBE CB (6 April 1875 – 11 September 1929) was a British Army intelligence officer and colonial administrator, who worked in several countries in the Middle East in the early 20th century. In Egypt, during World War I as an intelligence officer, he supervised those who worked to start the Arab Revolt. In Palestine, Arabia and Mesopotamia, in the 1920s as a colonial administrator, he helped negotiate the borders of the countries that later became Israel, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Iraq.

Clayton, at meeting with church leaders in Jerusalem, 1922

Early life

Born in Ryde, Isle of Wight, Clayton was the eldest son of Lt. Col. William Lewis Nicholl Clayton, and his wife, Maria Martha Pilkington.[1] He was educated at the Isle of Wight College and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.[2] He become an officer in the Royal Artillery in 1895. He was part of the forces sent to the Sudan during the closing stages of the Mahdist War, seeing action in the Battle of Atbara (1898). He then served in Egypt, but in 1910 he retired and left the army to work as private secretary to the Governor-General of Sudan, Sir Francis Reginald Wingate.

World War I

During World War I, Clayton worked in army intelligence in Cairo, Egypt, serving in the newly formed Arab Bureau. In 1914, he sent a secret memorandum to Lord Kitchener, suggesting that Britain work with the Arabs to overthrow their Ottoman rulers. He became Director of Intelligence, and was promoted Brigadier-General. In this role, he worked with many of the people that helped to trigger the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks.[3][4]

In Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1935), T. E. Lawrence described Clayton's role as chief of British intelligence in Egypt between 1914 and 1917:

Clayton made the perfect leader for such a band of wild men as we were. He was calm, detached, clear-sighted, of unconscious courage in assuming responsibility. He gave an open run to his subordinates. His own views were general, like his knowledge: and he worked by influence rather than by loud direction. It was not easy to descry his influence. He was like water, or permeating oil, creeping silently and insistently through everything. It was not possible to say where Clayton was and was not, and how much really belonged to him.

— T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1935)

Colonial administration

Following the war, Clayton worked as an advisor for the Egyptian government, and then in the colonial administration of the British Mandate of Palestine. He was Civil Secretary of Palestine from 1922 to 1925, at which point he was briefly acting High Commissioner. He was then involved in negotiations with Arab rulers for the Treaty of Jeddah (1927); he was an envoy to the Sultan Ibn Saud of Nejd,[4] tasked to undertake a mission to Yemen to negotiate with its ruler Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din.[5] From 1928, he was High Commissioner for the British Mandate of Mesopotamia (Iraq). Clayton was involved in negotiations for a new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. His unexpected death, from a heart attack, delayed matters, but the new treaty was eventually signed in 1930.[3][4]

Personal life

His younger brother, Iltyd, was also a British Army officer.[6]

In 1912, he married Enid Caroline Thorowgood in London, with the ceremony being conducted by the Bishop of Khartoum.[3][4]

On 11 September 1929, he had succumbed to the consequences of a heart attack in Baghdad at the age of 54.[7]

Positions

Clayton held the following positions:[8]

  • 1914–1916 – Director of Military Intelligence, British Army Headquarters, Cairo
  • 1916–1917 – Brigadier General, General Staff, Military Operations, Hejaz
  • 1917–1919 – Chief Political Officer, Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Military Governor, Palestine (O.E.T.A. South)
  • 1919–1922 – Adviser to the Egyptian Ministry of the Interior
  • 1922–1925 – Civil Secretary to the Palestine Government
  • 1925–1925 – Acting British High Commissioner for Palestine (British Mandate of Palestine)
  • 1925–1928 – Envoy to the Sultan Ibn Saud of Nejd
  • 1926 – Special Envoy to Yahya ibn Muhammad Hamid ad-Din, Imam of the Yemen
  • 1927 – Special Envoy to Rome
  • 1929 – British High Commissioner to the Kingdom of Iraq (British Mandate of Mesopotamia)

Honours
  • 1914 – Third Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Medjidieh
  • 1915 – Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George
  • 1916 – Officer of the Legion of Honour
  • 1917 – Companion of the Order of the Bath
  • 1917 – Order of St. Stanislas, 2nd Class
  • 1919 – Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
  • 1926 – Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George

References
  1. Collins 1969, pp. 45–46
  2. Collins 1969, p. 47
  3. Gilbert Clayton, Jenab Tutunji, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, August 2004
  4. Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton CMG CB KBE KCMG (1875–1929), dsthorne.com, accessed 25 January 2010
  5. The Clayton mission to Sana'a of 1926 Archived 5 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine, the British-Yemeni Society, accessed 25 January 2010
  6. Collins 1969, p. 158
  7. Collins 1969, p. 268
  8. "Clayton, Gilbert Falkington". Durham University. Retrieved 26 May 2019.

Bibliography
  • Clayton, Gilbert (1929). "Arabia and the Arabs". Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. 8 (1): 8–20. doi:10.2307/3014987. JSTOR 3014987.
  • Collins, Robert O. (1969), An Arabian Diary, Berkeley University of California Press
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