Germany at the Summer Olympics

Athletes from Germany (GER) have appeared in 27 of the 30 Summer Olympic Games, having competed in all Games except[1] those of 1920, 1924 and 1948, when they were not permitted to do so. Germany has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice; the 1936 Games in Berlin, and the 1972 Games in Munich.

Germany at the
Olympics
IOC codeGER
NOCGerman Olympic Sports Confederation
Websitewww.dosb.de (in German, English, and French)
Medals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer appearances
Winter appearances
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
 Saar (1952)
 United Team of Germany (1956–1964)
 East Germany (1968–1988)
 West Germany (1968–1988)

The nation appeared 15 times as a single country (IOC code GER), before World War II and again after German reunification in 1990. Three times, from 1956 to 1964, German athletes from the separate states in West and East competed as a United Team of Germany, which is currently listed by the IOC as EUA, not GER.

Due to partition under occupation that resulted in three (until 1957) post-war German states, two concurrent Olympic teams with German athletes appeared on five occasions, in 1952, from 1968 to 1976, and in 1988. The all-time results of German athletes are thus divided among the designations GER, EUA, FRG, GDR and SAA (the Saarland, which only took part in the 1952 Summer Games and won no medals).

Including the Summer Games of 2012, German athletes have won 1304 medals : 411 gold, 432 silver and 461 bronze. The IOC currently splits these results among four codes, even though only the East German Democratic Republic (GDR) from 1968 to 1988 had sent a separate team to compete against the team of the German NOC that represented Germany (GER) since 1896.

Timeline of Germany at the Summer Olympics

1896–1912

1896–1912

Germany entered all Olympic Games starting in 1896, even though the relations between the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the French Third Republic where Pierre de Coubertin revived Olympic games and held the 1900 Summer Olympics, were strained following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The country's overall medal ranks varied from second through seventh.

The worst result, seventh, occurred in the 1900 Paris Olympics. The German gymnasts were judged no better than 53rd in the single gymnastic contest organized by the French, behind dozens of Frenchmen, who occupied the first 18 places and thus won all three medals. In contrast, the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens had seen eight contests, with Germans scoring five gold, three silver and two bronze medals.

The anticipated 1916 Summer Olympics, which were to be officially known as the Games of the VI Olympiad, were to have been held in Germany's capital, Berlin. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, organization continued, as no one foresaw the war dragging on for four years. Eventually, though, the games were canceled.

1920–1948

1928–1932

After World War I, the German Empire became a republic informally known as Weimar Republic, a change which was reflected in a new flag of Germany that in fact was older than the former one, dating back to early 19th century democratic movements. In the Paris Peace Conference, the outbreak of the war was blamed on Germany and other Central Powers allies. These nations, which by now had new governments, were banned from the 1920 Summer Olympics. While all other banned nations were invited again for the 1924 Summer Olympics, held for the second time in Pierre de Coubertin's home town of Paris, the ban on Germany was not lifted until 1925. This was likely related to French Occupation of the Ruhr and the Rheinland between 1923 and 1925.

After 16 years of absence, a new generation of German athletes returned in the 1928 Summer Olympics, scoring second overall. Four years later, the worldwide Great Depression prevented many athletes from competing in the 1932 Games in Los Angeles. Winning only three gold medals, the German team was ranked ninth, though it did finish tied in silver medals, with 12.

1936

In the spring of 1931 the 1936 Summer Olympics were awarded to Berlin, 20 years later than originally planned. From 1933 onwards, the Nazi Party ruled Germany, a change being marked by the use of the Nazi flag. In the games, the 348 German athletes not only outnumbered the 310 Americans, but outscored them for the first time in the medal count in which Germany ranked first. Also, German gymnasts Konrad Frey and Alfred Schwarzmann won the most medals, with six and five in total, of which three each were gold, while American Jesse Owens had won four gold medals himself. Leni Riefenstahl documented the games in the film Olympia.

The 1940 Summer Olympics as well as the 1944 Summer Olympics were canceled due to World War II. For the 1948 Summer Olympics, with the war a recent memory, Germany and Japan were not invited.

Separate German teams 1952–1988

1952–1956
since 1972

A United Team of Germany with athletes from two states appeared three times at the Olympic games from 1956 to 1964. The IOC currently does not attribute these results to Germany (GER), but lists them separately as the Equipe Unifiée Allemande (EUA).

In the 1952 Games, only athletes from West Germany and the Saar Protectorate took part. The former represented the Federal Republic of Germany (GER), which as the only independent democratic state, covering the largest part of Germany, claimed exclusive mandate to represent the entire country. Athletes from the Saar Protectorate (SAA) competed as a separate team, as the French-occupied region would not join the Federal Republic of Germany until 1955.

West Germany used the code GER at the Games from 1968 to 1976, although its athletes' participation is now coded as FRG by the IOC, a code introduced in 1980.

Athletes from the Soviet-occupied German Democratic Republic (GDR) appeared in a separate team after the United Team effort was discontinued. In five Games, from 1968 to 1980 and again in 1988, they represented the GDR before the East German states joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990, and the GDR ceased to exist.

Since 1990, the enlarged Federal Republic of Germany has been simply called Germany (GER). West Germany's six Olympic teams (from 1952, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1984 and 1988) are still listed by the IOC under FRG, though, and not attributed to GER.

In the 1980s, each of the two states participated in one of the multinational boycotts of Summer Games. Many Western countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany, boycotted the Moscow Games of 1980 due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the year before. In return, 14 Eastern Bloc states, including the GDR, boycotted the Los Angeles Games in 1984. Thus, only one German team was present in each of these two Olympics.

FRG (West Germany)

The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), often called West Germany during the Cold War, was founded in 1949 as the largest of the three German states formed under occupation after the division of Germany following World War II. The West German NOC continued the tradition of the German NOC that had joined the IOC in 1895, and continued to represent the Germany that was enlarged after the Saar Protectorate (SAA) joined the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and after the states of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) (East Germany) had joined in the process of German reunification in 1990.

German teams competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics under the designations of GER and SAA. In the Games of 1956, 1960 and 1964, German athletes competed as a United Team of Germany (EUA), but 1968 until the end of the Cold War, the two states sent independent teams designated as West and East Germany, until the separate East German state ceased to exist.

United Team of Germany 1956–1964

1960–1968

After three German states had been founded in Germany under occupation after World War II, athletes from the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) competed together as the United Team of Germany (EUA for French: Équipe unifiée d'Allemagne, German: Gesamtdeutsche Mannschaft) in the 1956, 1960, and 1964 Winter and Summer Olympics.

Prior to that, German athletes from West Germany and the French-occupied Saar Protectorate took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics organized in different teams designated as GER and SAA. The Saar Protectorate joined the Federal Republic after 1955, while the East German authorities, which had not taken part in the 1952 Games, agreed in 1956 to let their athletes compete in a united team that used the black-red-gold tricolour, but with additional Olympic rings in white placed upon the red middle stripe, as East German politicians were eager not to compete under the traditional German flag used both by West Germany and even themselves. Only in 1959, the GDR added socialist symbols to create a distinct Flag of East Germany. As the use of the Deutschlandlied, dating back to 1841 and 1797, of the recently created East German anthem, or of possible combinations was also rejected, Beethoven's melody to Schiller's Ode an die Freude (Ode to Joy) was played for winning German athletes as a compromise in lieu of a national anthem.

During the Games of 1956, 1960 and 1964 the traditional abbreviation GER for Germany was used, or rather the equivalents in the language of the host country. In Innsbruck in 1964, the Austrian officials used the international license plate code of D for Deutschland (Germany) for the country. The IOC code currently uses EUA (from the official French-language IOC designation, Equipe Unifiée Allemande) and applies this in hindsight for the United German Team. No reasoning is given, it may be done to allow for the political circumstances during the German divide between 1949 and 1990, and the involvement of two National Olympic Committees rather than only one.

Despite initially calling for a "united Germany" in the East German anthem, the socialist East German government intensified its separation in Germany, with the erection of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 obstructing travel within Germany even more. The travel of GDR athletes, such as to contests and training sites in the Alps, was limited due to fear of Republikflucht.

As a result of this development, in the 1968 Winter and Summer Olympics, German athletes competed as separate West and East teams, while still using the compromise flag and Beethoven anthem that year. The French organizers of the Grenoble Games used the codes ALL (Allemagne, Germany) and ADE (Allemagne de l'Est, East Germany), which roughly correspond to the IOC codes of GER and GDR.

1968–1988

The separation was completed at the 1972 Winter and Summer Olympics (the latter was hosted by West Germany), when the two countries used separate flags and anthems. This continued until the German Reunification of 1990 where the German Democratic Republic became part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Medal tables

Medals by Games

Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Team
1896 Athens652133rd Germany
1900 Paris42287th Germany
1904 St. Louis445132nd Germany
1908 London355135th Germany
1912 Stockholm5137256th Germany
1920 Antwerpnot invited
1924 Parisnot invited
1928 Amsterdam10714312nd Germany
1932 Los Angeles3125209th[2] Germany
1936 Berlin (host nation)332630891st Germany
1948 Londonnot invited
1952 Helsinki07172428th[3] Germany
0000 Saar
1956 Melbourne6137267th United Team of Germany (EUA)
1960 Rome121911424th United Team of Germany (EUA)
1964 Tokyo102218504th United Team of Germany (EUA)
1968 Mexico City51110268th[4] West Germany
997255th East Germany
1972 Munich (host nation)131116404th West Germany
202323663rd East Germany
1976 Montreal101217394th West Germany
402525902nd East Germany
1980 Moscowboycotted West Germany
4737421262nd East Germany
1984 Los Angeles171923593rd West Germany
boycotted East Germany
1988 Seoul111415405th West Germany
3735301022nd East Germany
1992 Barcelona332128823rd Germany
1996 Atlanta201827653rd Germany
2000 Sydney131726565th Germany
2004 Athens131620496th Germany
2008 Beijing161114415th Germany
2012 London112013446th Germany
2016 Rio de Janeiro171015425th Germany
Total (GER)191194230615
Total (GDR)153129127409
Total (FRG)566781204
Total (EUA)285436118
Total (SAA)0000
Total4284444741346

Medals by sport (as GER)

  Leading in that sport
SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal
Canoeing32182070
Equestrian25131452
Rowing23141451
Athletics18263680
Cycling14141644
Gymnastics14111439
Swimming13192961
Shooting109524
Weightlifting67720
Fencing57921
Wrestling412925
Boxing491023
Field hockey42410
Sailing34512
Judo321318
Diving281121
Tennis26210
Beach volleyball2013
Modern pentathlon2013
Water polo1203
Football1135
Handball1113
Triathlon1102
Table tennis0347
Archery0213
Taekwondo0112
Rugby0101
Totals (27 sports)190193230613

These totals do not include the one gold and one silver medal won by Germany in figure skating at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

Medals by sport (GDR)

SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal
Athletics383635109
Swimming38322292
Rowing337848
Canoeing147930
Gymnastics6131736
Cycling66416
Boxing52613
Shooting38516
Wrestling2327
Diving2237
Sailing2226
Weightlifting14611
Judo1269
Football1113
Handball1113
Volleyball0202
Fencing0101
Totals (17 sports)153129127409

Medals by sport (as FRG)

SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal
Athletics12141743
Equestrian115925
Fencing78116
Cycling45514
Rowing44614
Shooting44311
Swimming351422
Canoeing26311
Sailing2237
Weightlifting2237
Wrestling1449
Judo1438
Field hockey1304
Boxing1056
Tennis1012
Handball0101
Gymnastics0022
Football0011
Water polo0011
Totals (19 sports)566781204

Medals by sport (as EUA)

SportGoldSilverBronzeTotal
Equestrian55414
Athletics418830
Canoeing45211
Rowing4419
Diving3104
Swimming15612
Wrestling1539
Cycling1427
Boxing1326
Fencing1124
Gymnastics1113
Sailing1113
Shooting1012
Judo0112
Field hockey0011
Football0011
Totals (16 sports)285436118

Medalists

Archery

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 SilverBarbara Mensing
Cornelia Pfohl
Sandra Wagner-Sachse
1996 Atlanta ArcheryWomen's team
 BronzeBarbara Mensing
Cornelia Pfohl
Sandra Wagner-Sachse
2000 Sydney ArcheryWomen's team
 SilverLisa Unruh 2016 Rio de Janeiro ArcheryWomen's individual

Beach volleyball

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 BronzeJörg Ahmann
Axel Hager
2000 Sydney Beach volleyballMen's tournament
 GoldJulius Brink
Jonas Reckermann
2012 London Beach volleyballMen's tournament
 GoldLaura Ludwig
Kira Walkenhorst
2016 Rio de Janeiro Beach volleyballWomen's tournament

Modern pentathlon

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 BronzeHelmuth Kahl 1928 Amsterdam Modern pentathlonMen's individual
 GoldGotthard Handrick 1936 Berlin Modern pentathlonMen's individual
 GoldLena Schöneborn 2008 Beijing Modern pentathlonWomen's individual

Sailing

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 SilverAmelie Lux 2000 Sydney SailingWomen's mistral
 BronzeErik Heil
Thomas Plößel
2016 Rio de Janeiro Sailing49er

Table tennis

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 SilverSteffen Fetzner
Jörg Roßkopf
1992 Barcelona Table tennisMen's doubles
 BronzeJörg Roßkopf 1996 Atlanta Table tennisMen's singles
 SilverTimo Boll
Dimitrij Ovtcharov
Christian Süß
2008 Beijing Table tennisMen's team
 BronzeDimitrij Ovtcharov 2012 London Table tennisMen's singles
 BronzeTimo Boll
Dimitrij Ovtcharov
Bastian Steger
2012 London Table tennisMen's team
 SilverHan Ying
Petrissa Solja
Shan Xiaona
2016 Rio de Janeiro Table tennisWomen's team
 BronzeBastian Steger
Dimitrij Ovtcharov
Timo Boll
2016 Rio de Janeiro Table tennisMen's team

Taekwondo

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 SilverFaissal Ebnoutalib 2000 Sydney TaekwondoMen's middleweight
 BronzeHelena Fromm 2012 London TaekwondoWomen's middleweight

Triathlon

Medal Name Games Sport Event
 SilverStephan Vuckovic 2000 Sydney TriathlonMen's individual
 GoldJan Frodeno 2008 Beijing TriathlonMen's individual

References

  1. In the boycotts of 1980 and 1984, only one of two teams remained absent, with the East Germans being the only Germans present in Moscow 1980
  2. 5th when counting by total medals, see 1932 Summer Olympics medal table
  3. 5th when counting by total medals, see 1952 Summer Olympics medal table
  4. 4th when counting by total medals, see 1968 Summer Olympics medal table
  • "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  • (in German) Chronology of Germany at the Olympics
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