Galvanism

Galvanism is a term invented by the late 18th C. physicist and chemist, Alessandro Volta, to refer to the generation of electrical current by chemical action.[2] The term also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electrical current within biological organisms and the contraction/convulsion of biological muscle tissue upon contact with electrical current.[3] While Volta theorized and later demonstrated the phenomenon of his "Galvanism" to be replicable with otherwise inert materials, Galvani thought his discovery to be a confirmation of the existence "animal electricity," a vital force which gave life to organic matter.[4]

Not to be confused with galvanization.
Galvanism: electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position[1]
Cartoon of a galvanized corpse

History

According to popular legend, Luigi Galvani discovered the effects of electricity on muscle tissue when investigating an unrelated phenomenon which required skinned frogs in the 1780s and 1790s. His assistant is claimed to have accidentally touched a scalpel to the sciatic nerve of the frog and this resulted in a spark and animation of its legs.[5] In reality, the reaction of muscles to electrical stimulation was already established at the time.[6] Galvani was investigating the effects of distant atmospheric electricity (lightning) on prepared frog legs when he discovered the legs convulsed not only when lightning struck but also when he pressed the brass hooks attached to the frog’s spinal cord to the iron railing they were suspended from.[7] In his laboratory, Galvani later discovered that he could replicate this phenomenon by touching metal electrodes of brass connected to the frog’s spinal cord to an iron plate. He concluded that this was proof of "animal electricity," the electrical power which animated living things.[6]

Alessandro Volta, a contemporary physicist, believed that the effect was explicable not by any vital force but rather it was the presence of two different metals that was generating the electricity. Volta demonstrated his theory by creating the first chemical electric battery.[8] Despite their differences in opinion, Volta named the phenomenon of the chemical generation of electricity "Galvanism" after Galvani.[2]

On March 27, 1791, Galvani published a book about his work on animal electricity. It contained comprehensive details of his 11 years of research and experimentation on the topic.[9]

Giovanni Aldini, Galvani's nephew, continued his uncle's work after Luigi Galvani died in 1798.[10] In 1803, Aldini performed a famous public demonstration of the electro-stimulation technique of deceased limbs on the corpse of an executed criminal George Foster at Newgate in London.[11][12] The Newgate Calendar describes what happened when the galvanic process was used on the body:

On the first application of the process to the face, the jaws of the deceased criminal began to quiver, and the adjoining muscles were horribly contorted, and one eye was actually opened. In the subsequent part of the process the right hand was raised and clenched, and the legs and thighs were set in motion.[13]

Galvani has been called the father of electrophysiology. The debate between Galvani and Volta "would result in the creation of electrophysiology, electromagnetism, electrochemistry and the electrical battery."[14]

Scientific and intellectual legacy

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, wherein a man stitches together a human body from the corpses of the dead, and brings it to life by application of electricity, was inspired in part by the theory and demonstrations of Galvanism.[15]

It is also used by Car Seat Headrest in the song "Nervous Young Inhumans" from Twin Fantasy, in which he (incorrectly) uses the term 'Galvanistic', instead of 'Galvanic'.[16]

Abiogenesis

Galvanism influenced metaphysical thought in the domain of abiogenesis, the underlying process of the generation of living forms. In 1836, Andrew Crosse recorded what he referred to as "the perfect insect, standing erect on a few bristles which formed its tail," as having appeared during an experiment wherein he used electricity to produce mineral crystals. While Crosse himself never claimed to have generated the insects, even in private, the scientific world at the time viewed the connection between life and electricity to be sufficiently clear that he received threats against his life for this "blasphemy."[17]

Medicine

Galvani's nephew, Giovanni Aldini, is claimed to have applied Galvanic principles (application of electricity to biological organisms) in successfully alleviating the symptoms of "several cases of insanity," and with, "complete success."[18] Today, electroconvulsive therapy is used as a treatment option for severely depressed pregnant mothers[19] (as it is the least harmful for the developing fetus) and people suffering treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. It is found to be effective for half of those who receive treatment while the other half may relapse within 12 months.[20]

The modern application of electricity to the human body for medical diagnostics and treatments is practiced under the term electrophysiology. This includes the monitoring of the electrical activity of the heart, muscles, and even the brain, respectively termed electrocardiography, electromyography, and electrocorticography.

See also

References
  1. David Ames Wells, The science of common things: a familiar explanation of the first principles of physical science. For schools, families, and young students., Publisher Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman, 1859, 323 pages (page 290)
  2. "Luigi Galvani - Engineering and Technology History Wiki". ethw.org. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  3. "Luigi Galvani | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  4. Bresadola, Marco (1998). "Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)". Brain Research Bulletin. 46 (5): 367–380. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00023-9. PMID 9739000.
  5. "Galvani and the spark of life". Lateral Magazine. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  6. "Luigi Galvani | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  7. Galvani, Luigi (1791). "Aloysii Galvani De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius". library.si.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  8. Edwin James Houston, "Electricity in Everyday Life", Chapter XXII. P. F. Collier & Son, 1905.
  9. Montillo, Roseanne. The Lady and her Monsters. Harper Collin. pp. 49-50.
  10. Bresadola, Marco (1998). "Medicine and science in the life of Luigi Galvani (1737–1798)". Brain Research Bulletin. 46 (5): 367–380. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00023-9. PMID 9739000.
  11. "AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Surgeons of England: Aldini, Giovanni: Notebook". Aim25.ac.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
  12. "Early Nineteenth century electrochemistry". Retrieved 21 October 2010.
  13. The Newgate Calendar - George Foster Executed at Newgate, 18th of January, 1803, for the Murder of his Wife and Child, by drowning them in the Paddington Canal; with a Curious Account of Galvanic Experiments on his Body
  14. Cajavilca, Christian, Joseph Varon, and George L. Sternbach. "Luigi Galvani and the Foundations of Electrophysiology." Resuscitation, vol. 80, no. 2, 2009, pp. 159-162doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.09.020.
  15. Para. 10, Intro., Shelley, Mary (1831). Frankenstein.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Car Seat Headrest – Nervous Young Inhumans [2011], retrieved 2020-02-15
  17. Crosse, Cornelia A H (1857). Memorials scientific and literary of Andrew Cross, the electrician. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Robert.
  18. René Just Haüy (1807). An Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy, Volume 2. p. 56.
  19. Pompili M, et al. (Dec 2014). "Electroconvulsive treatment during pregnancy: a systematic review". Expert Rev Neurother. 14 (12): 1377–90. doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.972373. PMID 25346216.
  20. Dierckx, Bram; Heijnen, Willemijn T; van den Broek, Walter W; Birkenhäger, Tom K (2012). "Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis: ECT in bipolar versus unipolar depression". Bipolar Disorders. 14 (2): 146–150. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00997.x. PMID 22420590.
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