GNU parallel

The most common usage is to replace the shell loop, for example

for x in `cat list` ; do 
    do_something "$x"
done | process_output

to the form of

cat list | parallel do_something | process_output

where the file list contains arguments for do_something and where process_output may be empty.

Scripts using parallel are often easier to read than scripts using pexec.

The program parallel features also

• grouping of standard output and standard error so the output of the parallel running jobs do not run together;
• retaining the order of output to remain the same order as input;
• dealing nicely with filenames containing special characters such as space, single quote, double quote, ampersand, and UTF-8 encoded characters;

By default, parallel runs as many jobs in parallel as there are CPU cores.

find . -name "*.foo" | parallel grep bar

The above is the parallel equivalent to:

find . -name "*.foo" -exec grep bar {} +

This searches in all files in the current directory and its subdirectories whose name end in .foo for occurrences of the string bar. The parallel command will work as expected unless a file name contains a newline. In order to avoid this limitation one may use:

find . -name "*.foo" -print0 | parallel -0 grep bar

The above command uses the null character to delimit file names.

find . -name "*.foo" | parallel -X mv {} /tmp/trash

The above command expands {} with as many arguments as the command line length permits, distributing them evenly among parallel jobs if required. This can lower process overhead for short-lived commands that take less time to finish than they do to launch.

find . -maxdepth 1 -type f -name "*.ogg" | parallel -X -r cp -v -p {} /home/media

The command above does the same as:

cp -v -p *.ogg /home/media

However, the former command which uses find/parallel/cp is more resource efficient and will not halt with an error if the expansion of *.ogg is too large for the shell.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to GNU parallel.

• xargs
• pexec
• GNU Queue

• Official website
• Project page and manual page of GNU parallel