Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland

Ireland's Film Censors Office, renamed in 2008 as the Irish Film Classification Office, heavily cut films and videos for rental release, or placed high age ratings on them. Since the release of Michael Collins in 1996, which was initially rated PG despite its depictions of strong violence, the censor's office has reduced age ratings in general and never cuts films. Former head censor Sheamus Smith (who held the position between 1986–2002) banned several but never cut them as his predecessors did, despite frequent requests from distributors to secure lower certificates and wider audiences – he wasn't fond of his official 'Film Censor' title as he felt that the term was emotive and implied someone who "butchers or bans movies". Smith believed that a director's vision should remain intact regardless of the certificate and that "it's an arrogance for a censor or classifier to be cutting up and changing it".[1]

Current director Ger Connolly follows the same policy,[2] although one instance of cutting involving previous censor John Kelleher exists, regarding Korean horror film The Isle. He didn't force censorship upon Tartan but didn't immediately grant a certificate after viewing it on 8 September (just two days before its original release date) and "drew attention to scenes of sexual violence and explicit self-mutilation that were causing us concern". He gave them two options – either they could resubmit it for a second viewing/re-assessment or submit a censored version to secure a certificate. Tartan went with the latter, removing 3 m 15s on top of 1 m 50s already removed by the BBFC showing animal cruelty, specifically shots of a drowning bird and mutilated fish, which earned them an 18 certificate on 29 September – the changes weren't legally required but sped up the release process.[3]

Current disparities

Ratings usually match those of the UK, or are one level higher or lower, but extremely rare disparities spanning two or three ratings do exist:[4]

Title Original release date BBFC rating Content warning IFCO rating Content warning
Scarface 1932 15 strong language and violence[5] PG[6][7]
Son of Fury 1942 U mild violence[8] 12[9]
On the Waterfront 1954 PG[10] mild violence[11] 15[12]
The Desperate Hours 1955 PG[13] mild bad language and violence 15[14]
Desire Under the Elms 1958 PG[15] mild sex references and violence 15[16][17]
The Defiant Ones 1958 U[18] 12[19]
The Camp on Blood Island 1958 15 moderate violence, torture scenes[20] PG mild/moderate violence

[21]

Yesterday's Enemy 1959 PG moderate violence[22] 15 war action footage, moderate torture and executions

[23]

Une femme est une femme 1961 PG[24] 15[25]
She 1965 U[26] mild fantasy horror and violence 12[27]
Romeo and Juliet 1968 PG[28] 15[29][30]
The Valley of Gwangi 1969 U some mild violence[31] 12[32]
The Omega Man 1971 PG[33] mild language/nudity, moderate violence/horror[33] 15[33]
Love and Death 1975 PG[34] 15[35]
One Sings, the Other Doesn't 1977 12 one use of strong language, moderate nudity and sex references[36] 18 adult themes of abortion, suicide and despair

[37]

The A-Team (season 1) - Disc 4 1983 12 G[38]
Manon des Sources 1986 PG[39] mild bad language and (a) suicide reference[40] 15[41]
Prince – Sign o' the Times 1987 15[42] G[43]
The Simpsons (season 2) - Disc 1 1990/1991 U[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] 12[51]
Baby Snatcher 1992 PG 15 [52][53]
While You Were Sleeping 1995 PG[54] infrequent mild language and one sex reference[55] 15[56]
Legacy of Sin 1995 PG[57] 15[58]
First Knight 1995 PG 15 [59]
3 Ninjas Knuckle Up 1995 PG (cut) [60] 15 [61]
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls 1995 PG (cut)[62] rated 12 uncut in 2019 for moderate sex references, rude humour, comic violence, gore[63] 15[64]
Spy Hard 1996 PG[65] 15[66][67]
Michael Collins 1996 15 strong violence, strong language[68] PG (theatrical)A explicit cruelty and violence, crude language[69][70]
Picture Perfect 1997 PG[71] moderate sexual references and mild bad language[72] 15[73]
Who Am I? 1998 12 frequent, moderate fight sequences[74] 18[75]
The Vicar of Dibley (season 2) - Disc 3 1997/1998 PG[76][77][78][79] 15[80][81]
The X-Files (season 6) - Disc 4 1998/1999 12[82][83][84][85] infrequent, mild language

some moderate sex/nudity

some moderate/some strong violence

mild sci-fi horror

(overall for this disc - taken from 2004 De Agostini magazine edition, i.e. the individual release in Issue 33)

 18[86]
The Cider House Rules 1999 12 dramatic themes and one brief sex scene[68] 18 themes of abortion, incest and drugs

[87]

Angel (season 1) - Disc 2 1999/2000 12[88][89][90][91] 18[92]
Tokyo Raiders 2001 12 moderate violence[93] 18[94]
The In Crowd 2001 12 infrequent strong language, moderate violence, sex and drug references[95] 18[96]
DVD audio commentary by The Band and others (bonus material for The Last Waltz) 2002 15[97]

(main feature rated U)[98]

 infrequent strong language[99] PG[100]

(main feature rated G)[101]
The Simpsons (season 14) - Episode 2 2002 12[102] moderate sex references G[103] none
Subway Monkey Hour 2002 18[104] 12[105]
I Capture the Castle 2003 PG infrequent mild language and sex references[106] 15PG (theatrical)[107]

15 (video)[108]
Million Dollar Baby 2004 12A one use of strong language, moderate violence and adult theme[109] 16 (theatrical)B explicit boxing violence[110]
Ringers: Lord of the Fans 2005 12[111] drug references G[112]
Bandidas 2006 12[113] moderate language, violence and sex references G[114]
The History Channel: Inside the Mind of a Suicide Bomber (bonus material for The Siege: Definitive Edition) 2007 18[115] 12[116]
Frost/Nixon 2008 15 strong language[117] PG infrequent moderate to strong language, mild sex references and brief archive war footage

[118]

The Ricky Gervais Show (season 1) - Episode 4 2010 PG[119] mild language and sex references 15[120] strong sexual references (in the conversations)
Wrinkles 2011 15 strong language[121] PG mild innuendo

[122]

Eureka Seven: Good Night, Sleep Tight, Young Lovers 2011 15 strong violence and threat[123] PG mild language, mild violence

[124]

Bullseye (American Horror Story) 2014 12 moderate language, sex references, threat, violence, injury detail[125] 18 strong violence

[126]

A Raised to a 12 certificate on video.[127]
B Lowered to a 15 certificate on video, due to differing cinema/video classification structures.[128]

Former disparities
Title Original release date BBFC rating (original) BBFC rating (current) Content warning IFCO rating (original) IFCO rating (current) Content warning
Citizen Kane 1941 A (1941)[129]

U (1985, 1991, 1994, 1999, 2009)[130]

 U (2012)[131] None required (1999)

infrequent mild violence (2009)

mild violence (2012)

 12 (2003)[132] G (2012)[133] None (2012)
Jaws 1975 A (1975)[134]

PG (1987, 1993, 2000)[135]

 12A (2012) one use of strong language and moderate violence (2005)[136]

(the 'strong language' referred to here applies to the bonus material, which raised the overall certificate to a 12)[137][138][139]

moderate threat and occasional gory moments (2012)[140]

 15 (2000) [141][142] 12A (2012)[143]

12 (2012)[144]

 some gory scenes with moderately frightening content (2012, cinema)

strong violence, strong scare(s) and threat (2012, video)

Watership Down 1978 U (1978, 1987, 2005, 2013)[145] mild threat and violence (2005)[146]

very mild language, mild violence and threat (2013)[147]

 12 (2005)[148] G (2001, 2013)[149] none (2013)[150]
For Your Eyes Only 1981 A (1981)[151]

PG (1986, 1993)[152][153]

 PG (2001)[154] moderate violence and mild sex (2006, 2008)[155]

mild action violence and (a) sex reference (2012)[156]

 15 (2001) PG (2006, 2008, 2012)[157]
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan 1982 A [cut] (1982)[158][159]

PG [cut] (1987)[160]

15 [uncut] (1989, 1992)[161][162]

 12 [uncut, director's] (2003, 2017)[163]

12 [uncut, theatrical] (2009)

12A [uncut, theatrical] (2013)

 moderate horror and threat [theatrical] (2009, 2013)[164][165]

moderate horror, threat [director's] (2017)[166]

 PG [uncut, theatrical] (2002) 12 [uncut, director's] (2003, 2016)

12 [uncut, theatrical] (2009)[167]

 moderate action violence and threat [director's] [2016][168]
Groundhog Day 1993 PG (1993, 1994)[169] mild suicide references and sex references (2009, 2018)[170] 15[171] PG (2009) moderate violence played for comedy[172]

Film ratings

Eight film rating categories exist, although a film may have been re-rated by the time of its video/DVD release.

Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice

 General Y Y Suitable for children of a school going age.

Theme – such films will not include themes or content that will upset younger children.

Violence – mild and unsustained. There will be an absence of blood or injury detail and any outcome will be reassuring.

Sexual content/nudity – very mild (e.g., kissing, dating, references to ‘making love’). In certain circumstances, non-sexual nudity may be acceptable.

Language – may include infrequent use of mild bad language and slang.

Drugs – forbidden unless clearly set within an educational context.[173]

 Parental
Guidance		 Y Y Suitable for children aged eight and over.

Theme – while more mature issues might be addressed (e.g., war, family issues) there will generally be a positive or redemptive resolution.

Violence – frightening sequences should not be sustained or graphic. However, some stronger violence may be permissible in what is clearly a fantasy or comic context.

Sexual content/nudity – mild; any sexual activity will be implied rather than depicted. Subtle innuendo may be accepted.

Language – mild. However, in rare instances, a PG film may contain infrequent strong language provided it is used discreetly and is contextually justified. Discriminatory or racist terms will only be acceptable if used in a clearly educational context.

Drugs – any references to drug use should be mild and will relate to soft drug use only. Where stronger references are made they will be set within a clearly educational context.[174]

12A Y N Suitable for viewers of twelve and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Theme – mature themes are acceptable (crime, bereavement, relationships, etc.) provided they are depicted in a fashion suitable for young teenagers (i.e., in such a way that they will already have been familiar with in their everyday lives). Themes of suicide or self-harm or other imitable behaviour will only be acceptable if depicted without detail and in a clearly educational context.

Violence – moderate violence and more prolonged threat/horror are acceptable at 12A. This is particularly the case when depicted in a fantasy context (common at this category). Stronger images of injury detail may be acceptable if justified by the context in which they are presented (i.e., in an accurate depiction of warfare).

Sexual content/nudity – sexual content (situations and dialogue) presented without explicit detail may be acceptable at 12A. Brief sexual nudity may also be acceptable.

Language – some infrequent strong language may be acceptable, but should be used in a non-aggressive manner. Use of discriminatory language should be justified by the overall context of the film.

Drugs – images of or references to soft drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context. Generally, content relating to hard drugs is not acceptable unless there is a clear anti-drug message and the misuse of drugs is not glamorized.[175]

Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005.[176]

12 N Y Suitable for viewers of twelve and over.

The guidelines for 12 are identical to the guidelines for 12A.[177]

15A Y N Suitable for viewers of 15 and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated.

Violence – this may be realistic but not gratuitous or focus on bloody injury. Strong gory images will only be permitted if justified by the context in which they are presented. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. Any such content in this category should be discreetly presented and contextually justified. Generally, horror in this category will be psychological in nature. Acts of sadism common to the genre are not permissible.

Sexual content/nudity – strong sex references may be acceptable. Scenes of a sexual nature may also be acceptable but will not be explicit or prolonged.

Language – strong language is allowed. Frequent or aggressive use of these terms will have to be justified within the context of the piece.

Drugs – scenes or dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is glamorization, instruction or encouragement as to use.[178]

Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005.[176]

15 N Y Suitable for viewers of 15 and over.

The guidelines for 15 are identical to the guidelines for 15A.[179]

16 Y N Suitable for viewers of 16 and over.

Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated.

Violence – this might be intensely depicted and may include some gory imagery. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. The portrayal of such content in this category should not be explicit and must have clear contextual justification. Strong horror and sustained threat may be acceptable but will not include the strongest images of sadism and torture.

Sexual content/nudity – strong sexual themes and content may be permissible provided it is not gratuitous.

Language – strong language is acceptable.

Drugs – themes and scenes relating to hard drug use might feature. However, any instructional or glamorised drug use, particularly involving teen protagonists, is unlikely to be acceptable.[180]

Announced on 9 December 2004 and took effect on 1 January 2005.[176]

Because there is no direct equivalent on video, a film rated 16 for cinema can get either a 15 or 18 on video, depending on its strength.[180]

 18 Y Y Suitable for viewers of eighteen or over.

One of IFCO’s guiding principles is that adults (i.e., persons over 18) should be free, within the law, to choose what they wish to view.[181]

There are three former categories no longer in use:

Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice Example films
12RA N Y Suitable for viewers of 12 and over.

Cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 12, and which has a suggestion for a "Responsible Adult" to be present if a younger person watches the film (no longer issued).

If re-released, the rating is automatically changed to 12 (exceptions are noted in brackets).

 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Star Trek Generations (since re-rated PG in 2009)

The Nightmare Before Christmas (since re-rated PG on DVD)

Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (re-rated 15 at first, then re-rated 12 in 2011)

Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (since re-rated PG)

Only Fools and Horses – The Complete Series 7 (since re-rated PG)

Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (since re-rated PG)

Pleasantville

The Mask

Brendan Grace: Live at the Gleneagle, Killarney

Police Story 4: First Strike

The Bachelor

An Evening With Niall Toibin

Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd

12PG Y N Suitable for viewers of 12 and over.

However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Works in the same way as today's 12A. Introduced on 1 June 2001 and replaced by 12A on 1 January 2005.

Theme/Content – Likely to feature more mature themes, e.g. Involving crime, conflict, relationships, etc., but young persons of twelve and over will already be familiar with them from their television viewing.

Context – A flexibility of approach is retained whereby the context and impact of the film are viewed as a whole, rather than rating it only on the basis of one short image or scene.

Violence – Relatively mild or moderate and shouldn't be imitative, gratuitous, nor glamourised.

Sexual content/Nudity – Generally, only mild dialogue and natural non-sexual nudity are acceptable.

Drugs – Mild or brief images of 'soft' drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context, but normally no images of or references to 'hard' drugs are acceptable.

Language – Commonly used milder swear words may be acceptable, but not sexually violent, explicit or threatening language.[182]

 Pearl Harbor (the first film with a 12PG rating)[1]

Hulk

Die Another Day

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

15PG Y N Suitable for viewers of 15 and over.

However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Works in the same way as today's 15A. Introduced on 1 June 2001 and replaced by 15A on 1 January 2005.

Theme/Content – Most themes/content will be acceptable with classification normally decided by the way the subject is treated. It is worth noting that our recent nationwide survey research confirms that both parents and adolescents often experience embarrassment when they view films featuring more mature themes (e.g. sexual activity or nudity) in each other's company.

Context – Modern adolescents of fifteen and older will generally be aware of, and be able to appreciate, the context of a film.

Violence – This may be realistic but not gratuitous, prolonged or overly bloody. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed.

Drugs – Scenes/dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is instruction or encouragement as to use.

Sexual content/Nudity – Mild/moderate sexual activity/nudity is acceptable, particularly when portrayed positively.[183]

 The Pianist

Alien vs. Predator

The Passion of the Christ

Bad Santa (this controversial decision led to the creation of the 16 rating – the extended cut is rated 18 on DVD)

The G, PG and 18 certifications have the same principles on video, but some 18s films may be denied a video release certificate.

Films which are banned and do not have an appeal lodged, or which fail on appeal, have an enforcement noticed published in Iris Oifigiúil, the state's journal. The most recent enforcement notice, as of 2005, appeared in 20 September 2005 journal, and was the first of the year. Revocation notices are also published in the journal, where a film has been banned and then allowed. The 2010 DVD release of the 1978 film I Spit on Your Grave is the most recent instance of an IFCO ban.[184]

Legislation

The main legislation under which Irish films are censored are:

  • The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was an act "to provide for the official censoring of cinematographic pictures and for other matters connected therewith". It established the office of the Official Censor of Films and a Censorship of Films Appeal Board (see William Magennis) and that no film be exhibited in public without a certificate.
  • The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925, in connection with advertisements for films. It was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930 to extend the legislation to "vocal or other sounds" accompanying pictures.
  • The Emergency Powers Act 1939 dealt with the preservation of the State in time of war and contained provisions relating to the censorship of communications, including mail,[185] newspapers and periodicals.
  • The Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1970 allowed films to be resubmitted for certification seven years after being rejected.
  • The Video Recordings Act, 1989 adds video/DVD recordings to the Film Censor's responsibility to examine. A different classification can be given than the same feature film was give but the censor cannot refuse to grant a certificate for a video if a certificate is in force for the same feature film.

Notable banned/cut films

Many films have been banned in Ireland, including Monty Python's Life of Brian, From Dusk Till Dawn and A Clockwork Orange. A review in 2000 has meant that many of these have since been un-banned and rated anywhere from G to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either cinema or video release, but some bans are still in place.

The Film Censors Office's official figures state that 2,500 films received theatrical performance bans, and over 11,000 films were cut, between the 1920s and 1980s.[186]

The most notable recent ban was that of Boy Eats Girl in 2005, a film starring Irish actress Samantha Mumba, due its graphic depiction of a suicide attempt. Following an appeal, it was passed uncut with a 15A rating, far from the highest possible.

Prior to the Video Recordings Act 1989, many films which were banned in the cinema were freely available on video tape to anyone in Ireland regardless of age.

The listed year refers to when the film was banned by the Office, not necessarily the original release date.

Date Title Notes Post-ban/current certificate
1927 The Unknown Banned on 27 August for its cruel sensationalism and semi-nudity of the heroine. As with Frankenstein, the unrestricted General certificate caused concern for 'youngsters and nervous adults'.

The Appeal Board upheld the rejection in the same year, though no specific date is available.[187]
1931 Dracula Passed with proposed cuts on 5 June, with a request for the distributor to "delete some of the horrors and re-show the film".[188] PG
1932 Monkey Business Banned because censors feared it would encourage anarchic tendencies.[189][190] Passed on 8 January with '16 unspecified cuts to script', including characters falling over each other in a dance scene.[191][192] G
1932 Frankenstein Banned on 5 February for being demoralising & unsuitable for children or 'nervous people' – age-restricted certificates weren't introduced until 1965.

Overturned by the Appeal Board on 8 March and given a certificate on 9 March (uncut).[193]

 G (1932)

PG (video)

1932 Freaks Upheld on video in 1999 for being "grossly offensive" to disabled people, according to then-assistant censor (and current director) Ger Connolly.[190][194][195][196]
1932 Scarface Banned on 19 August. Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 30 September.

Banned on 29 August 1941 (under the alternate title of 'Gang War'). Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 7 October.

Banned on 24 April 1953 (under the original title). No appeal was lodged.

Various reasons include pandering to sensationalism, glamorizing the gangster lifestyle and implying an incestuous relationship between the protagonist and his sister.[197]

 PG
1942 Fantasia Initially cut on 30 April. Dr. Richard Hayes (Film Censor from October 1940 to January 1954) cut the scientific talk which introduces the 'Rite of Spring' section, stating that it 'gave an entirely materialistic view of the origin of life'[198]:120[199] – it's since been reinstated.[200] G
1942 A Day in Soviet Russia Passed with "extensive cuts under the EPO" (for infringing on wartime neutrality) on 2 June 1942.[201]

The documentary was advertised to open on a Sunday but the certificate was withdrawn on Saturday afternoon.[202]:170
1943 Casablanca Banned on 19 March for infringing on the Emergency Powers Order preserving wartime neutrality, by portraying Vichy France and Nazi Germany in a "sinister light".

Passed with cuts on 15 June 1945 after the EPO was lifted – this time the cuts were to dialogue between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair.[203]

Passed with one cut on 16 July 1974. RTÉ inquired about showing the film on TV – it still required a dialogue cut to Ilsa expressing her love for Rick.[204]

All releases since are uncut.

 G
1943 A Yank in the RAF Passed with 30 cuts on 10 August due to the EPO. It was passed on 27 July 1945 after the EPO was lifted, this time with only 5 cuts.[205] The certificate was withdrawn after one week's run at the Savoy Cinema in September after 41,000 had seen the film.:170–175[202]

[The G certificate in the next column refers to the DVD release.]

 G
1943 The Outlaw Banned due to sexual references.[206]
1945 Mildred Pierce [206] PG
1945 Brief Encounter Initially banned as it was considered too permissive of adultery – ban lifted[206] PG
1946 The Big Sleep Initially banned because of its sexual references – ban lifted.[206] PG
1950 Outrage Banned due to its rape theme.[206]
1966 Pasażerka Initially banned and described by the censor as a "horror film" – he also objected to a scene showing naked women being driven to the camp.[207] Overturned by the Films Appeal Board without cuts.[208] 16
1967 Ulysses Based on the book by James Joyce, it was banned for being "subversive to public morality", upheld by the Films Appeal Board and banned for a second time in 1975 – ban lifted in September 2000 at director Joseph Strick's's request,[209][210] although it was screened at the Irish Film Theatre (a private club cinema) in the late 1970s.[211]

The first public screening was held in February 2001, with then-censor Sheamus Smith and Strick both in attendance. It went on general release at the IFI from 8 February 2001.[212]

 15
1973 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex Banned on 20 March.[213] A cut version was passed in 1979 and released theatrically in 1980, removing both a bestiality reference ("the greatest lay I ever had", referring to a sheep) and a man having sex with a bread loaf – ban/censorship lifted.[214][215] 18
1973 A Clockwork Orange Banned on 10 April – Warner Bros. decided against appealing due to the film causing public controversy. Passed uncut for cinema on 13 December 1999 and released on 17 March 2000.[216][217][218]

The re-release poster was rejected due to the words "ultra-violence" and "rape" in the tagline (it's a replica of the original British version). Sheamus Smith explained his rejection to the Irish Times; "I believe that the use of those words in the context of advertising would be offensive and inappropriate".[219]

 18
1980 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned on 29 April. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 7 August 1987.[213] 18 (1987)

15 (video re-rating)

1980 Zombie Flesh Eaters Banned on 14 October. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 31 October.[213] 18 ("very strong & gory violence" – 2012)
1981 Last Tango in Paris[213] Ban lifted. 18
1982 Porky's Banned on 1 February. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 19 February.[213] 16 (theatrical)

18 (video)

1982 Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip Banned on 23 July. Released on DVD in 2006.[213] 18
1982 Fast Times at Ridgemont High Banned on 8 October. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 29 October with cuts. Uncut on home video.[213] 18
1982 Monsignor Banned on 29 November due to its conflation of religion and adultery, as it features an affair between a priest and a postulant nun. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 17 December.[213]

The decision caused controversy among members of Fianna Fáil – chairman Ned Brennan believed the majority of the Irish public didn't want it to be released and said "standards must be maintained", wanting it banned on "moral grounds".[220][221]

 16
1983 Monty Python's The Meaning of Life Banned on 27 June (lifted in 1990).[222][213] 15
1984 Cannibal Holocaust Ban lifted in 2006. 18
1985 Crimes of Passion Banned on 18 November.[213][223] Released on DVD in 2008. 18
1986 Working Girls Banned on 12 August.[213] Upheld by the Film Appeals Board on 28 September.[224]
1987 Personal Services Banned on 13 March. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 12 May.[213] 18
1989 Meet the Feebles Still banned, as of 2009.
1991 Whore Banned on 9 August.[213] Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 20 September, although an earlier appeal meeting held on 28 August failed to come to a decision.

This all postponed the Irish home release, due on the week of the failed appeal with 2,000 copies. The video distributor (National Cable Vision) submitted a tape to Smith for a reconsideration on home media – no evidence exists of whether or not this was successful.[225][226][227]
1993 Bad Lieutenant Banned on 29 January due to its "demeaning treatment of women".[213][228][229][230] Re-banned on 1 April 2003 for video.[231]
1994 Natural Born Killers Banned[232] on 11 October[213] because Sheamus Smith was concerned about "copycat" killings linked to the film. This reasoning was accepted by the Films Appeal Board and the ban upheld[233] on 20 January 1995[234] – ban lifted in 2001.[235] 18
1994 Dangerous Game Banned for video, most likely due to a violent rape scene. The cinema distributors (Abbey Films) never submitted it for an Irish theatrical release. Polygram appealed the decision – the viewing took place on 23 November, where the ban was upheld.[230]
1995 Showgirls Banned on 8 November – no reason was given but speculation pointed towards the rape scene, which was initially cut in the UK.[236][237][235][213] Passed uncut on 23 October 2017 for video.[238] 18
1996 From Dusk till Dawn Banned on 1 May due to its "irresponsible and totally gratuitous" violence, especially in the wake of the then-recent Dunblane and Port Arthur massacres.[237][213] Ban lifted on 27 January 2004 for video.[239] 18
1997 Crash Passed with one cut of 35s to sexually explicit dialogue, in the sex scene between James and Catherine where she fantasizes about Vaughn. This was in an attempt to dissuade the distributors from releasing it on video, as they'd have to prepare a specially cut Irish version at high expense for a small market. It didn't work.[240][241][242] 18
1997 Preaching to the Perverted Banned for cinema on 28 October[213] and later on video[243] – the trailer caused a mass recall of Donnie Brasco's rental video (which had been passed as an 18), due to having not been classified. 3,300 copies were withdrawn and replaced, with a potential fine of €1000 to stores providing it.[244][245]
1999 Romance Still banned.[235]
1999 From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money Presumably banned upon release. Ban lifted on 16 November 2004 for video.[246] 18
1999 The Idiots Banned for video in October, no doubt due to unsimulated sexual content showing an erection and vaginal penetration.[247][248][249]
2000 Of Freaks and Men Banned for video due to sadistic scenes of sexual humiliation.[250]
2001 WWF Wrestlemania 16 Banned on video due to the use of realistic weapons, including metal chairs, timber wrapped with barbed wire, shinai and sledgehammers. Deputy censor Audrey Conlon also cited the "gladitorial bloodlust" of the crowd baying for increasingly extreme violence.

Clear Vision Ltd. lodged an appeal (the result of which is unknown) and claimed that "our fans love the wild soap opera element", but the IFCO countered this by stating, "This is one of the most dangerous and pernicious aspects of the entire business. The universal distinguishing feature of all soap opera is that the story lines are regularly made more explicit and, in many instances, more violent, simply to keep audience share.[251]
2002 I Spit on Your Grave Banned on video twice, on 5 February 2002 and 14 September 2010.[252][253][254]
2002 Cradle of Fear Banned on 28 March for video.[255]
2002 Riki-Oh: The Story of Ricky Banned on 28 March for video.[255]
2002 For Your Pleasure Banned on 28 March for video.[255]
2002 Turkish Delight Banned on 26 August for video.[256]
2002 The Pornographer Banned on 30 September for video. The censored UK version was submitted, which had already removed 12s showing ejaculation for a BBFC 18 certificate.[257]
2002 Baise-moi Banned on 28 November for video – the decision was upheld by the Films Appeal Board. Released theatrically in the summer of 2002, but only on a club basis at the IFI, where admission is restricted to members and guests of 18 years and over.[258][259][235][260]
2003 Man Bites Dog Banned on 20 March for video.[261]
2003 Spun Banned on 8 July under Section 7 (2) of the Censorship of Films Act, 1923.[262] According to Kelleher, he didn't object to the content and only banned it to showcase a legal anomaly, meaning that video and cinema releases of the same work automatically got the same rating. He knew the ban would be reversed and the law was changed soon after. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 21 July.[213][263] 18
2005 Boy Eats Girl Banned for containing an 'ostensible' but graphic suicide attempt. The decision was reversed on 25 July.[264] 15A (theatrical)[265]

18 (video)[266]

2005 Deep Throat The uncut version was banned on 13 September for video. A censored version was passed '18' as in the UK (where the uncut version got an 'R18', meaning it could only be bought in licensed sex shops) – all hardcore scenes were re-framed.[267][268]

As in the UK, the accompanying documentary Inside Deep Throat was passed 18 uncut (for cinema and video) due to the explicit sexual images appearing in a documentary context.[269][270] The uncut, R18 version of the film itself was only screened in the UK on a double bill with Inside... "merely to put the documentary into context", according to a spokespersion for distributor Momentum Pictures.[271][272]

 18 (censored)

Exceptions

The restrictions applied to commercial cinemas did not apply to film clubs. The Irish Film Theatre (1977–1984), its predecessor, the Irish Film Society and its successor, the Irish Film Institute, specialised for decades in showing arthouse films that were uncut because films shown privately were not required to be examined by the Censor's Office.[273] The National Film Institute (later Irish Film Institute) had originally been set up to comply with the 1939 encyclical Vigilanti Cura. At one time this gave rise to a legal anomaly where the 35 mm prints of a particular film would to be required to have any "cuts" mandated by the Film Censors Office whereas the 16 mm prints were not, on the erroneous belief that all 16 mm prints were destined for private film clubs. In practice, some commercial cinemas in smaller towns as well as "travelling cinemas" (often showing films in village halls owned by the Catholic Church) were only equipped to show the 16 mm prints. The closure of virtually all of these smaller cinemas (owing to the rising popularity of television and video) has meant that nowadays the only places showing these 16 mm prints are bona fide film clubs.

See also

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