Fagging

Fagging was a traditional practice in British public schools and also at many other boarding schools, whereby younger pupils were required to act as personal servants to the oldest boys.[1]

History

Fagging originated as a structure for maintaining order in boarding schools, when schoolmasters' authority was practically limited to the classroom. Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby from 1828 to 1841, defined fagging as the power given by the authorities of the school to the Sixth Form, to be exercised by them over younger boys.[1] Fagging was a fully established system at St Paul's, Eton, and Winchester in the sixteenth century.[1]

Fagging carried with it well-defined rights and duties on both sides. The senior, sometimes called the fag-master, was the protector of his fags and responsible for their happiness and good conduct.[1] In case of any problem outside the classroom, such as bullying or injustice, a junior boy's recourse was to him, not to a form master or housemaster, and, except in the gravest cases, all incidents were dealt with by the fag-master on his own responsibility.[1]

The duties undertaken by fags, the time taken, and their general treatment varied widely. Each school had its own traditions. Until around 1900 a fag's duties might include such humble tasks as blacking boots, brushing clothes and cooking breakfasts, and there was no limit as to hours.[1] Later, fagging was restricted to such light tasks as running errands and bringing tea to the fag-masters' study.[1] At many schools, fag-masters were expected to reward their fags for their efforts at the end of term by giving a monetary 'fag tip'. The 1911 Britannica details an evolution of the role at Eton College.[1] Under school rules, fagging might entail harsh discipline and corporal punishment when those were standard practices. Fagging was sometimes associated with sexual abuse.[2]

During the late twentieth century, fagging fell out of use, as attitudes to boarding education and child development changed. Despite the reluctance of senior boys who had served their time and expected to enjoy the benefits of the system, between the 1960s and 1980s first the duties became less onerous and then the system was abolished at most major public schools.[3] The practice is believed to have become obsolete in Great Britain.[4]

In memoirs, literature and art
  • E. W. Hornung's stories about fictional gentleman thief A. J. Raffles (created in 1898) are narrated by Raffles's companion Bunny Manders, who fagged for Raffles when they were at school together.[5]
  • Some of the fictional characters who appear in school stories by P. G. Wodehouse are fags, such as Reginald Robinson in The Pothunters (1902) and Thomas Renford in The Gold Bat (1904).[6]
  • C. S. Lewis's partial autobiography, Surprised by Joy (1955), mentions fagging (see Chapter VI, pp. 94–95).[7]
  • In his 1984 autobiography, Roald Dahl states that when he was a young fag, he was instructed to warm toilet seats for older boys at Repton School.[8]
  • Yana Toboso’s manga series, Black Butler, showcases the fagging system in its Public School Arc, with the main protagonist, Ciel Phantomhive, becoming a fag when he enrolls to investigate events at Weston College.

See also

References
  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fagging" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.
  2. "When I was at school ..." The Guardian. 2005-10-12. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
  3. UPI (4 March 1977). "Eton students want to carry on fagging tradition". Nashua Telegraph.
  4. Barekat, Houman (June 29, 2018). "Posh Boys by Robert Verkaik review – how public schools ruin Britain" – via www.theguardian.com.
  5. Hornung, E. W. (2003) [1899]. Richard Lancelyn Green (ed.). Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (Annotated ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 3. ISBN 978-1856132824.
  6. Garrison, Daniel H. (1989) [1987]. Who's Who in Wodehouse (Revised ed.). Peter Lang Publishing. pp. 162, 164. ISBN 1-55882-087-6.
  7. Lewis, C.S. (1955). Surprised by Joy. Harcourt, Brace and World. ISBN 0-15-687011-8.
  8. Dahl, Roald (1984). Boy: Tales of Childhood. Puffin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-130305-5.
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