Ezra Cornell

He was born in Westchester Landing, in what would become the Bronx, New York, the son of Eunice (Barnard), and a potter, Elijah Cornell, and was raised near DeRuyter, New York.[2] He was a cousin of Paul Cornell, the founder of Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood. Cornell was also a distant relative of William Cornell, who was an early settler of Scarborough, Ontario whose name was used for the planned community of Cornell, Ontario after a suggestion by lawyer and member of the Cornell family Paul Mingay. Having traveled extensively as a carpenter in New York State, Ezra, upon first setting eyes on Cayuga Lake and Ithaca, decided Ithaca would be his future home.

Ezra Cornell's earliest American patrilineal ancestor, Thomas Cornell (1595–1655), was probably Puritan at first then a follower of Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson drifting into Quakerism which seems to have been the religion of Thomas Cornell's descendants.[3][4][5] Portsmouth, RI is noteworthy in American history for the 1638 Portsmouth Compact, declaring a separation of church and state and rivaling the Flushing Remonstrance of 1657 declaring religious tolerance in New Amsterdam, of Quakers in particular. Ezekiel Cornell, a Revolutionary War general, represented Rhode Island in the U.S. Continental Congress from 1780 to 1782.[6]

Upon arriving in Ithaca, NY in the spring of 1828, Cornell first found work as a carpenter before being hired as a mechanic by Otis Eddy to work at his cotton mill on Cascadilla Creek. On Eddy's recommendation, Jeremiah S. Beebe then hired Cornell to repair and overhaul his plaster and flour mills on Fall Creek. During Cornell's long association with Beebe, he designed and built a tunnel for a new mill race on Fall Creek; a stone dam on Fall Creek, which formed Beebe Lake; and a new flour mill. By 1832, he was in charge of all Beebe's concerns at Fall Creek.

Ezra Cornell was a birthright Quaker, but was later disowned by the Society of Friends for marrying outside of the faith to a “world’s woman,” Mary Ann Wood, a Methodist. They were married March 19, 1831, in Dryden, New York.

On February 24, 1832, he wrote the following response to his expulsion from The Society of Friends due to his marriage:

I have always considered that choosing a companion for life was a very important affair and that my happiness or misery in this life depended on the choice…

The young and growing family needed more income than he could earn as manager of Beebe's mills. So, having purchased rights in a patent for a new type of plow, Cornell began what would be decades of traveling away from Ithaca. His territories for sales of the plow were the states of Maine and Georgia. His plan was to sell in Maine in the summer and the milder Georgia in the winter. With limited means, he walked between the two states.

Happening into the offices of the Maine Farmer in 1842, Cornell saw an acquaintance of his, one F.O.J. Smith, bent over some plans for a "scraper" as Smith called it. For services rendered, Smith had been granted a one-quarter share of the telegraph patent held by Samuel F.B. Morse, and was attempting to devise a way of burying the telegraph lines in the ground in lead pipe.[7] Ezra's knowledge of plows was put to the test and Ezra devised a special kind of plow that would dig a 2 feet 6 inches (76 cm) ditch, lay the pipe and telegraph wire in the ditch and cover it back up as it went. Later it was found that condensation in the pipes and poor insulation of the wires impeded the electrical current on the wires and so hanging the wire from telegraph poles became the accepted method.

Cornell made his fortune in the telegraph business as an associate of Samuel Morse, having gained his trust by constructing and stringing the telegraph poles between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland, the first telegraph line of substance in the U.S. To address the problem of telegraph lines shorting out to the ground, Cornell invented the idea of using glass insulators at the point where telegraph lines are connected to supporting poles. After joining with Morse, Cornell supervised the erection of many telegraph lines, including a portion of the New York, Albany & Buffalo line in 1846 and the Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company connecting Buffalo to Milwaukee with partners John James Speed and Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith. Cornell, Speed and Smith also built the New York and Erie line competing with and paralleling to the south the New York, Albany and Buffalo line in which Morse had a major share.[8] The line was completed in 1849 and Cornell was made president of the company.

Cornell's sister, Phoebe, married Martin B. Wood and moved to Albion, Michigan, in 1848. Cornell gave Wood a job constructing new lines and made Phoebe his telegraph operator, the first woman operator in the United States.[9]
Cornell earned a substantial fortune when the Erie and Michigan was consolidated with Hiram Sibley and his New York and Mississippi Company to form the Western Union company.[10] Cornell received two million in Western Union stock.[11]

Cornell was a Republican member of the New York State Assembly (Tompkins Co.) in 1862 and 1863; and of the New York State Senate from 1864 to 1867, sitting in the 87th, 88th, 89th and 90th New York State Legislatures.

Cornell Free Library, Seneca and Tioga streets, 1864 to 1960.

Cornell retired from Western Union and turned his attention to philanthropy. He endowed the Cornell Free Library, the first public library for the citizens of Ithaca.[12] The library was incorporated on April 5, 1864 and formally presented to the town on December 20, 1866.[13] The original library building stood at the corner of Tioga and Seneca street until it was demolished in 1960.[14] The library evolved over time to serve the county as the Tompkins County Public Library.[13]

To honor the 150th anniversary of Ezra's gift, a mural of Ezra Cornell was hung on the exterior wall of the current Tompkins County Public Library in October 2016.[15]

This bronze statue on Cornell University's Arts Quad by Hermon Atkins MacNeil was erected in 1919.

A lifelong enthusiast of science and agriculture, he saw great opportunity in the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act to found a university that would teach practical subjects on an equal basis with the classics favored by more traditional institutions. Andrew Dickson White helped secure the new institution's status as New York's land grant university, and Cornell University was granted a charter through their efforts in 1865.

Lands granted by the Morrill Act to universities in states without substantial federal land could be claimed in states having a large surplus of unclaimed land. Cornell University's endowment was based on Ezra Cornell's judicious investment in federal land, especially timber land in Wisconsin. Unlike most land grant universities, which sold their land immediately, under Ezra's leadership Cornell managed and maintained its land for an extended period, selling it only at the most opportune time. The university was able to reap an unprecedented $5 million endowment as a result.[16]

Llenroc, home of Ezra Cornell

Cornell's sarcophagus in Sage Chapel

Ezra Cornell entered the railroad business, but fared poorly due to the Panic of 1873.[17] He began construction of a palatial Ithaca mansion, Llenroc (Cornell spelled in reverse) to replace his farmhouse, Forest Home, but died before it was completed. Llenroc was maintained by Cornell's heirs for several decades until being sold to the local chapter of the Delta Phi fraternity, which occupies it to this day; Forest Home was sold to the Delta Tau Delta chapter and later demolished. Cornell is interred in Sage Chapel on Cornell's campus, along with Daniel Willard Fiske and Jennie McGraw. Cornell was originally laid to rest in Lake View Cemetery, Ithaca N.Y., then moved to Sage Chapel.

A prolific letter writer, Ezra corresponded with a great many people and would write dozens of letters each week. This was due partly to his wide traveling, and also to the many business associates he maintained during his years as an entrepreneur and later as a politician and university founder. Cornell University has made the approximately 30,000 letters in the Cornell Correspondence available online.

His eldest son, Alonzo B. Cornell, was later governor of New York. Since its founding, the University's charter specified that the eldest lineal descendant of Cornell is granted a life seat on Cornell University's Board of Trustees,[18] currently Charles Ezra Cornell. (Charles Ezra Cornell took the post on November 17, 1969.) [19]

In 1990, G. David Low, graduate of Cornell University and Space Shuttle astronaut, took with him into outer space a pair of tan silk socks worn by Ezra Cornell on his wedding day in 1831.[20]

• Henry Wells
• Mary Morrill Foulger – Ezra's 4th great-grandmother and Benjamin Franklin's grandmother
• Peter Foulger – Ezra's 4th great-grandfather and Benjamin Franklin's grandfather
• Cornell, Ontario – a planned community named after Cornell's distant relative William Cornell
• William Wesley Cornell
• Flushing Remonstrance

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ezra Cornell.

• New York Times Op-ed "A Colony With a Conscience" December 27, 2007

• Dorf, Philip (1952). The Builder, A Biography of Ezra Cornell. New York: The Macmillan Co.

Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about Ezra Cornell.

• Ezra Cornell, Andrew Dickson White and the Establishment of Cornell University
• "I Would Found an Institution": The Ezra Cornell Bicentennial
• Guide to the Ezra Cornell Papers, 1746–1888. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library.
• Alonzo Barton Cornell. “True and Firm”: Biography of Ezra Cornell, Founder of the Cornell University. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1884.
• John Cornell. Genealogy of the Cornell Family. Being an Account of the Descendants of Thomas Cornell of Portsmouth, R. I. New York: Press of T. A. Wright, 1902.
• The Ezra Files. Cornell University Chronicle Online.
• The Story of Telecommunications, George P. Oslin, 1992; ch. 5.