Eu Tong Sen

Aside from his involvement in the tin mining and rubber industries, Eu was also responsible for extending his family business of the traditional Chinese medicine manufacturing company, Eu Yan Sang, into Hong Kong; he felt it was necessary to diversify out of the tin industry, which was coming under increasing government regulation.[6][11] He transformed the business his father left him, originating from that single dispensary in Gopeng, into a chain of traditional medicine shops. In 1908 his medicine shops in Kampar and Gopeng were flourishing.[3]

At its peak, Eu's businesses owned a total of 11 mines and employed 12,000 miners.[4] The tin business, however, was in a state of decline by the time he took over management. By 1908 he owned two mines at Kampar, three at Gopeng, one at Teronoh, one at Chenderiang, and one at Papan, together employing about 8,000 coolies. In Selangor he owned one mine at Ampang and one at Kancheng, together employing 3,000 coolies. In Batang Benna, Negeri Sembilan, he owned one mine employing 1,000 coolies.[3]

He set up the Sang Woh Foundry and extended his business into the manufacture and export of tin-made items which he shipped to China and Southeast Asian countries.[1]

In 1908 he commenced planting two estates of 450 and 250 acres (1.0 km²)[3] and eventually grew his fathers business from their original two estates of 450 and 550 acres (2.2 km²)[1] until his rubber estates covered more than 283 hectares of land.[4]

Eu Yan Sang shops in Gopeng and Kampar extended to providing remittance services, allowing Chinese miners and plantation workers to send their earnings home.[1][3][12] As the remittance and medicines businesses expanded, branches were set up in Penang, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong and Singapore. In 1909, Eu established a branch in the Sheung Wan district of Hong Kong. As his branches increased and his business spread out geographically, his potential market grew accordingly.[1][13]

In 1914, he expanded the remittance business to reach throughout Malaya as well as the Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, and southern China.[6][11] In the 1920s when the rubber business in Malaya deteriorated, Eu shifted his focus to the remittance business in Hong Kong.[1]

By the late 1920s, the most profitable part of the Eu Yan Sang medicine shop business was in remittances and not medicines. Eu moved from Singapore to Hong Kong in 1928. On 7 January 1932, he formed Eu Tong Sen Limited in Singapore but controlled it from Hong Kong where his remittance business was showing the best potential.

In 1920, at 42, Eu, together with Wu Sing Pang, a rich Cantonese merchant in Singapore, founded the Lee Wah Bank with business operations in Guangdong, Singapore and Malaya. The bank was a "Cantonese" bank as opposed to Hokkien banks like the Ho Hong Bank etc.,[14] meaning it was set up to cater mainly to the Cantonese (or Cantonese-speaking) community.[4]

His other commercial interests included shareholding in opium farms in Singapore and Penang.[6][11]

Outside of his businesses, Eu was an early admirer of the Shaw brothers (Run Run Shaw and Runme Shaw) and invited them to Singapore as his guests.[15] He had a large family, with three wives and 25 children.[16] He also organised and oversaw the 1928 construction on that same street of the Majestic Theatre, a performing hall for Cantonese opera, and for forming an opera troupe to perform there, all to entertain one of his wives who was a fan of Cantonese opera.[17] Later, he would become the first non-European commoner to be admitted to the Royal Ipoh Club.[18]

In May 1912, Eu was appointed a permanent Unofficial Member of the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States, the seat having fallen vacant on the death of Leong Fee.[19][9]

Eu donated HK$55,000 to the University of Hong Kong during one of his visits there in 1918.[1]

Eu took a keen interest in horse-racing, motoring and rifle-shooting. He imported the first motor car into Perak.[3]

Eu was also the pioneer of Singapore to bring in calf racing. Calf racing evolves around two men and two calves. Then, they will ride the calf through a series of obstacles before finally falling into pool of water. The men then will have to finally swim to land and run back to the starting point, the first becoming the winner.

Eu purchased an official title from the Qing Dynasty government in 1903.[1] He sold it back in 1906.

Eu died of a heart attack on 11 May 1941 in Hong Kong at the age of 63.[4] However, before that fatal heart attack, Eu survived multiples of heart attacks and suffered a 5-day collapse a few times. He also had lung cancer but was cured of immediately.

In 1919, Singapore's Wayang Street was renamed to Eu Tong Sen Street in his honour.[7] The honour was given in recognition of his contributions of a scout fighter plane called No. 1 Eu Tong Sen, and 6,000 pounds for a tank that had two "eyes" to further the British efforts in World War I.[1][4] Mr. Addison, the Minister of Munitions commissioned a painting of the tank and presented the painting to Eu.[1][5]

A description of Eu's residences in Perak, written by Herman Norden in 1923, goes as follows:

"Eu Tong Sen is a notable with his twenty-five millions of gold dollars. He has two palaces in Ipoh; one more in Kampar, and a castle with a garden and lake in Singapore. Art treasures selected in Europe by himself fill these various residences of the great Chinese tin magnate; the marble for his houses was brought from Italy."[20]

• Correspondence related to the appointment of Chung Thye Phin to the position of Unofficial Member of the Federal Council of the Federated Malay States during the temporary absence on leave of the EU TONG SEN by SIR ARTHUR HENDERSON YOUNG then High Commissioner of the Federated Malay States.
• Eu Kong Papers, National Archives of Singapore

• Chung, Stephanie (2006). "The Transformation of an Overseas Chinese Family – Three Generations of the Eu Tong Sen Family, 1822–1941". Modern Asian Studies. 39 (3): 599–630. doi:10.1017/S0026749X05001873.

Path of the Righteous Crane, The Life & Legacy of Eu Tong Sen, by Ilsa Sharp, Landmark Books Pte Ltd., 2009, ISBN 981-4189-22-7