Emil J. Freireich

Freireich grew up in poverty during the Great Depression. His parents were Hungarian immigrants. His father died when he was 2 years old, and his mother worked in a factory to support Emil and his elder sister.[3] After winning a science fair, a teacher recommended that he consider going to college. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign at the age of 16 with the help of donations from neighbors, and later from scholarships. He was medically excused from being drafted into World War II because of a broken leg. After graduation from medical school, he did an internship at Cook County Hospital, where he was fired due to disputes with administrators. As a result, he moved to Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago where he studied internal medicine under Howard Armstrong. He then studied hematology under Joe Ross at Mass Memorial Hospital in Boston. In 1955, he moved to the National Institutes of Health to avoid being drafted into the war as a doctor by joining the Public Health Service.[1]

In 1965, Emil Freireich, Emil Frei, and James F. Holland hypothesized that cancer could best be treated by combinations of drugs, each with a different mechanism of action. Cancer cells could conceivably mutate to become resistant to a single agent, but by using different drugs concurrently it would be more difficult for the tumor to develop resistance to the combination. After many experimental challenges, Holland, Freireich, and Frei simultaneously administered methotrexate, vincristine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone, together referred to as the VAMP regimen, and induced long-term remissions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).[2][4] With incremental refinements of original regimens, using randomized clinical studies by St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, the Medical Research Council in the UK (UKALL protocols) and German Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster clinical trials group (ALL-BFM protocols), ALL in children has become a largely curable disease. This approach was extended to the lymphomas in 1963 by physicians at NCI, who ultimately proved that nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine and prednisone, known as the MOPP regimen, could cure patients with Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Currently, nearly all successful cancer chemotherapy regimens use this paradigm of multiple drugs given simultaneously, called combination chemotherapy or polychemotherapy.

He has been a recipient of numerous awards for his research, including;

• 2008 Paul Ehrlich Magic-Bullet Lifetime Achievement Award
• 2005 Gerald P. Bodey Sr., Distinguished Award
• 2003 Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research, Columbia University
• 2001 Cino del Duca Award, 11th International Congress on Anti-Cancer Treatment
• 2000 Charles A. LeMaistre Outstanding Achievement Award
• 1996 Medical Oncology Fellows Outstanding Teacher Award, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
• 1996 Return of the Child Award, Leukemia Society of America
• 1990 First NIH Distinguished Alumni Award
• 1983 Charles F. Kettering Prize, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation
• 1981 Jeffrey A. Gottlieb Memorial Award, MD Anderson Cancer Center
• 1979 de Villiers International Achievement Award, Leukemia and Lymphoma Society
• 1976 David A. Karnofsky Memorial Award and Lecture, ASCO
• 1972 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research

• History of cancer chemotherapy