Dushmani family

The Dushmani or Dusmani were an Albanian family[1][2][3] that ruled parts of Pilot, a historical province in what is today the Dukagjin highlands in northern Albania, during the 15th century under the Republic of Venice.

The name "Dušman" is derived from Slavic root duša (spirit, soul), as is "Dušan", with the suffix -man, and was used in Serbian society from the Middle Ages to at least the 19th century.[4] The oldest generation of the family is mentioned on 2 June 1403 when the Venetian Senate confirmed the three brothers Goranin, Damjan and Nenad the rule over their lands in Pilot Minor ("Little" or "Lower" Pilot) as Venetian subjects.[5][6] Through various ways, the Republic of Venice won over local nobility in the Scutari region and thereby created a certain security zone around their possessions against the Ottomans.[7] In July 1404 the brothers requested from the government that their litigations be addressed to the knez in Scutari.[6]

In 1427, a "Dusmanus" is mentioned as the bishop of Polatum (Dusmanus ep. Polat.);[8] Daniele Farlati (1690–1773) called him "Dussus" and put his office in 1427–46.[9]

Pal Dushmani (d. 1457) was a Catholic bishop active in Svač (1443), Drivasto (1446), and Skadarska Krajina (1454).[10]

Lekë Dushmani[11]), was mentioned as one of the founders of the League of Lezhë.[12] Lekë Dushmani held Zadrima.[13] Lekë's daughter Irene (Jerina) became famous while there was a dispute for her which brought the first defection among the members of League of Lezhë which led toward the Albanian–Venetian War (1447–48).[14] The Dushmani and Spani family did not participate in the war.

In Drivasto, Bozidar Dushmani gathered Venetian opponents, and partnering up with Lekë Dukagjini readied for rebellion in the city and among the villages.[15] They planned to attack Venetian-controlled Drivast,[16] but the plot was discovered, and in March 1451 the Council of Forty had Bozidar Dushmani convicted to 30 years of exile from Venetian holdings in Albania.[17] It was threatened that his head would be cut off between two pillars at the Doge's palace if anybody found him there.[18]

In July 1452, Pope Nicholas V sent Pavle Dushmani to settle the conflict between Lekë Dukagjini and Skanderbeg.[19]

According to Demetrios Sicilianos, the Dousmanis family in Greece ultimately descended from the 15th-century Albanian nobleman "Lekas (Alexander) Dousmanis", whose family took refuge in Greece after the Ottoman conquest of Albania by Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1444–81).[3]