David Zé

David Zé (23 August 1944 — 27 May 1977) was an Angolan musician. He began his career while Angola was still under the rule of the Portuguese Empire and his music often expressed left-wing and anti-colonialist sentiments. After Angola obtained independence from Portugal in 1975, he was given the official position of Director of Music in the incoming MPLA regime.

His career only lasted for about a decade, but he established himself as one of the biggest name in the "golden age" of Angolan music of the early 1970s. He was killed during or after a failed coup that took place in 1977 and his music was banned from radio for more than a decade.

Early and personal life

He was born David Gabriel José Ferreira on August 23, 1944, in Quifangondo, Luanda Province. He was the son of Gabriel José Ferreira and Carolina José Afonso, both choristers of the Methodist Church. He attended primary and secondary education in the province of Cuanza Norte. For a while he worked at a foundry in Hoji Ya Henda.[1]

In November 1976 he married Maria Trindade, while on military duty in São Tomé and Príncipe. He had four children, Miguel Gabriel Ferreira, Maria Carolina David Ferreira, Deolinda David Gabriel Ferreira and David Gabriel José Ferreira.[1]

Career

In 1966, David Zé met the singer Urbano de Castro, who convinced him to pursue a musical career. His first record, released that same year, was "Kadica Zé".[1]

Along with de Castro and Artur Nunes he formed a trio of the most popular singers of the early 1970s, a period which is described by music historians as the "golden era" of Angolan music. Their music was central to the new cultural and nationalistic sense of identity which developed in Angola at the time, making them targets of the Portuguese authorities. They were known for politically charged music which drew inspiration from several genres including semba and rebita, as well as blending in Latin and psychedelic influences.[2]

His 1975 abum "Mutudi Ua Ufolo/Viúva Da Liberdade", released in the year of Angola's independence, is considered his most celebrated work and among the most iconic albums from that era.[3][4]

Independence

After Angola obtained independence, David Zé enjoyed great appreciation from the newly installed president Agostinho Neto, who commissioned him to attend the independence celebrations of Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Guinea-Bissau, where he performed the song "Quem matou Amílcar Cabral". He was coordinator of the musical group Aliança Fapla-Povo, who accompanied Neto on all his tours, whether home or abroad, and was meant as a sort of itinerant embassy of Angolan culture.[1][3]

Death

On 27 May 1977, Nito Alves, a hardline member of the MPLA and leader of the Fractionist group, launched a failed coup against Agostinho Neto, which lead to a wave of reprisals that left thousand dead. Zé, alongside fellow musicians de Castro and Nunes were among those killed, but no official account of their death exists.[3][5]

David Zé was seen as supporter of Neto, which he made abundantly clear in his lyrics, so the reasons for which he was singled out by the regime remain unclear.[3][6] According to some sources, he was a member of the coup or at the very least, sympathetic towards it, while historian Marissa J. Moorman maintains that the popularity of MPLA's musicians began to eclipse that of its leaders, who were beginning to be seen increasingly as out of touch, and that worried the authorities enough to eliminate them.[5][7]

Legacy

After his death, David Zé's music was unofficially banned from radio and remained banned for more than a decade after his death.[5] The clampdown on free speech and cultural activities that followed the coup, as well as the demise of the Companhia De Discos De Angola record label, which released much of Zé's music, further contributed to the erasure of his legacy.[8]

After the end of the Angolan Civil War, a renewed interest in Zé's music developed. In 2001, an annual festival called "Super Caldo do Poeira" was established to celebrate the music of David Zé and other early pioneers of semba music.[9][10] In 2004, a double CD edited by Rádio Nacional de Angola and titled Memorias de David Zé was released, collecting a substantial part of the singer's work.[1]

The song "Friends" by Nas and Damian Marley samples "Undenge Uami", which appears on Mutudi Ua Ufolo.[8]

Selected discography

Albums
  • Mutudi Ua Ufolo/Viúva Da Liberdade (1975)

Single and EPs
  • Kadica Zé (1966)
  • Fuma / Rumba Zatukine (1973)
  • O Guerrilheiro (1975)
  • 1º De Agosto (1976)

Compilations
  • Memorias de David Zé (2004)
  • Angola Anos d'Ouro: Reviver David Zé (2005)
  • O Melhor de David Zé (2019)

References
  1. Fortunato, Jomo (3 January 2011). "Músico David Zé a lenda da canção". Jornal de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  2. Stead, Mike; Scafidi, Oscar; Rorison, Sean (2019) [2009]. Angola: Bradt Travel Guide (3 ed.). Chesham, UK: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-78477-024-2.
  3. Leiria, Luis (22 May 2017). "Vítimas: os três músicos mais populares do MPLA". Esquerda.net. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  4. Santos, Analtino (11 November 2018). "A profecia traída dos músicos da Dipanda". Jornal de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  5. Moorman, Marissa Jean (2008). Intonations: A Social History of Music and Nation in Luanda, Angola, from 1945 to Recent Times. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-8214-1823-9.
  6. Dorian, Frederick; Duane, Orla; McConnachie, James (1999). World Music. The Rough Guide. Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London and New York: Rough Guides. p. 431. ISBN 978-1-85828-635-8.
  7. Cuxima-Zwa, Chikukuango (2019). "Angola: Modern and Contemporary Performance Practice". In Sturman, Janet (ed.). The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA and London: SAGE Publications. p. 150. ISBN 978-1-4833-1774-8.
  8. Egon (24 September 2010). "Funk Before War In Angola". NPR. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  9. "Música: Fãs de David Zé `invadem´ Centro Kilamba". Angola Press News Agency. 25 April 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  10. Albano, Manuel (17 December 2011). "Tributo ao Semba no Caldo do Poeira". Jornal de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
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