Cornelius de Vos

Cornelius de Vos or de Vois (fl. 1565-1585), was a Dutch or Flemish mine entrepreneur and mineral prospector working in England and Scotland.

This article is about the 16th-century miner. For the Flemish painter, see Cornelis de Vos.
The Earl of Bothwell, who signed a contract for Cornelius de Vos, painted by an unknown artist in 1566

Cornelius de Vos was recorded as a member of the French church in Farringdon in 1568.[1] He was granted rights to mine copperas and alum in England by letters patent in 1564,[2] and seems to have mined alum on the Isle of Wight and in Devon, and also pursued mining concessions in Ireland.[3] According to his rival for Irish mining rights, William Humfrey, Cornelius de Vos obtained patents for mine drainage methods previously granted to Burchard Kranich.[4] He worked for James Blount, 6th Baron Mountjoy at Canford Cliffs in Dorset, with little success.[5]

Cornelius de Vos was a shareholder in the English Company of Mines Royal. He was prospecting for gold in Crawford Muir in Scotland in 1566.[6] There was already competition, Mary, Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley had granted a concession to three Edinburgh burgesses, James Carmichael the warden of the mint, Master James Lyndsay, and Andrew Stevenson, while the mint-master John Acheson and John Aslowan were already working in Wanlockhead and Glengonnar.[7]

In October 1566 Cornelius de Vos arrived in Keswick in Cumbria with an English and a Scottish partner (whose names are unknown), bringing a sample of sand in a napkin from the Scottish gold fields, found by a woman worker washing for gold, a "mayde of Scotlande". The German miners at Keswick told him the sand was rich in gold. The supervisor at Keswick, Thomas Thurland, noted this as suspicious activity, against Company interests, and reported it to William Cecil. He also wrote to Queen Elizabeth in alarmist terms about "secret practices with merchant strangers and by some foreign princes to have of the Scottish queen (Mary, Queen of Scots) the mines in Crawford Moor nigh adjoining to your majesty's west borders", mines he hoped to work himself.[8]

The Company of Mines Royal tried to get an interest in the Scottish gold mining and panning from Mary, Queen of Scots, but instead Cornelius de Vos was awarded a traditional 19 year "tack" of the works by Regent Moray in 1568. Cornelius appeared before the Privy Council of Scotland on 4 March 1568 to register his exclusive contract to work all the gold and silver mines in Scotland. He was obliged to start work before June 1569. If any lead, tin, or copper was found he was to extract it and pay the profits to the Scottish crown. For every hundred ounces of native gold or silver he was to pay eight ounces to the treasury, and four ounces for any metal that needed to be refined.[9] He set up his own joint-stock company to recover the gold. Cornelius however still lacked knowledge of chemistry and mineralogy and had to send one of his workers, a Dutch miner called Rennius, to Daniel Hechstetter at Keswick to assay samples of sand.[10]

The work at Crawford Moor continued, but Regent Morton was unhappy with the contract. In June 1574 Morton went to Crawford Moor in person to set miners to work. Cornelius de Vos approached the English ambassador Henry Killigrew in August 1574 with a message for William Cecil about the mines.[11] On 7 February 1575 Morton lent £500 to Cornelius de Vos and three German or "Almain" partners, Abraham Peterson, Johnne Kelliner, and Helias Clutene.[12] In June 1575 Morton wrote to James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour, who was now Lord Clerk Register and had witnessed the 1568 contract, describing the terms as "captious and doubtful in many points and nothing to the king's profit."[13] The concession was granted to one of de Vos' partners Abraham Peterson in February 1576,[14] and to Thomas Foulis in 1594.

Cornelius also set up saltworks at Newhaven and Leith near Edinburgh in May 1567, with his partners Anthony Hickman and John Achillay.[15] In March 2019 one of Cornelius de Vos' royal charters for saltmaking was discovered in storage at the Museum of Edinburgh, signed on 20 May 1567 by Mary and her husband the Earl of Bothwell.[16] These works were revived by Eustachius Roche in 1592.

A "Cornelis Clewtinge de Vos" , Dutchman, was buried at St Nicholas Acons in London on 11 December 1586, who was perhaps this mining entrepreneur. The name "Clewtinge" seems to be the surname of Helias Clutene, the partner of Cornelius in 1575.[17]

Mine entrepreneurs in Scotland of the next generation included George Douglas of Parkhead, George Bowes, and Bevis Bulmer.

Regent Morton attributed to Arnold Bronckhorst, a partner of Cornelius de Vos

Stephen Atkinson's account of Cornelius de Vos in Scotland

In 1619 an English gold prospector Stephen Atkinson wrote a kind of historical prospectus for gold mining in Scotland, which tells the story of "Master Cornelius" and "Cornelius Devosse" twice. Atkinson described Cornelius Devosse as "a most cunning picture maker, and excellent in art for the trial of mineral and mineral stones", although the record of his activity shows that he lacked lapidary knowledge and no other source mentions him as portrait painter.[18] According to Atkinson, the painter Nicholas Hilliard invested in the Scottish gold mine with another painter Arnold Bronckhorst. The historian Elizabeth Goldring dates Hilliard's involvement to the years 1573 or 1574.[19]

Atkinson's narrative seems in part based on hearsay but he describes using a "book of record" of Cornelius de Vos' mining operation at Crawford Moor and a record of the works of George Bowes. Atkinson says that he himself had worked with Daniel Hechstetter, the miner who Cornelius de Vos had consulted at Keswick. He wrote that Nicholas Hilliard, then still alive, would confirm that he lost money in the venture.[20] He states that Cornelius de Vos went into Scotland with a recommendation from Elizabeth I of England, was given permission to prospect and found rich ore, which describes the events of October 1566.[21] Atkinson gives the names of four partners in the enterprise; the Earl of Morton, "Robert Bellenden (Secretary of Scotland)" perhaps intending John Bellenden (Lord Justice Clerk), Abraham Peterson a Dutch man residing in Edinburgh, and James Reid an Edinburgh burgess.[22] Cornelius de Vos and his partners raised capital and he was given a commission by Regent Moray, (in March 1568). Atkinson says that Cornelius had 120 men at work and employed men and women, "lads and lasses, idle men and women", who had been begging before. Most of the gold was bought by the Scottish mint for coins. The mines were apparently worked by sub-contractors. Atkinson mentions a Scottish workman John Gibson of Crawford town who worked at "Glengaber Water" (Glengonnar), who he claims to have met, and another Dutch miner, Abraham Grey, who he found in the records. Grey, known as "Grey Beard", worked at Wanlockhead, (and sometimes said to be the same person as Abraham Peterson).[23] Regent Morton had a basin made of Wanlockhead gold and presented it to the king of France, apparently to advertise Scotland's mineral wealth.[24]

Atkinson takes up the subject of Cornelius de Vos again, after describing his own recent involvement with Scottish gold and John Murray of the Bedchamber, as a story from the reign of Elizabeth, "some forty years past".[25] In this version, a young Cornelius persuades his friend the painter Nicholas Hilliard to join his Scottish goldmining venture. Hilliard sent his associate, Arnold Bronckhorst, a painter and mineralogist, into Scotland. Hilliard's efforts and influence secured a patent for Cornelius de Vos, (perhaps meaning a letter of recommendation from Elizabeth). Atkinson then describes Cornelius de Vos exporting gold ore for assay. Arnold Bronckhorst was intended to be the agent for selling the gold to Scottish mint in Edinburgh but failed to secure a contract. He was, however, appointed to be the royal portrait painter.[26]

Bronckhorst was officially appointed as royal painter in Scotland in 1581, a few years after the goldmining events Atkinson described.[27] However, portraits made during the years of Morton's regency have been attributed to him. Abraham Peterson, the partner and successor of Cornelius de Vos, was a Dutch or Flemish metal worker or artist, as well as a mining entrepreneur, who worked in the Scottish mint and designed coins for Regent Morton, including placks and bawbees in April 1576.[28] James Reid, who Atkinson identified as a partner of Cornelius de Vos, stood security with James Skathowie of the Canongate for the £500 loan from Regent Morton in 1575. Cornelius never repaid this loan, and after Morton was executed, Reid and Skathowie's heir were liable to pay the money to the Earl of Lennox.[29]

References
  1. Elizabeth Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard (New Haven, 2019), p. 128.
  2. Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office: Elizabeth 1558-1572 (London, 1960), p. 119.
  3. Calendar State Papers Domestic, 1547-1580 (London, 1856), pp. 253 (TNA SP12/36/162, which binds Cornelius and co-contractor to respect mineral rights granted to Thomas Thurland and Daniel Hechstetter), 254 (TNA SP12/40/180, Cornelius a "devyser" in a suite for mines in Ireland).
  4. Maxwell Bruce Donald, Elizabethan Monopolies: The History of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works from 1565 to 1604 (London, 1961) p. 15.
  5. Claire Cross, Puritan Earl: Henry Hastings Third Earl of Huntingdon (New York, 1966), pp. 87-8.
  6. Eric H. Ash, Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England (Baltimore, 2004), p. 45.
  7. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 89-90.
  8. Eric H. Ash, Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England (Baltimore, 2004), p. 45, quotations from TNA SP12/40/175 (modernised).
  9. Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 612-4.
  10. Eric H. Ash, Power, Knowledge, and Expertise in Elizabethan England (Baltimore, 2004), pp. 46-9.
  11. Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 5, 36.
  12. Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), p. 412.
  13. HMC Laing Manuscripts, vol. 1, (London, 1914), pp. 25-6.
  14. Elizabeth Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard (New Haven, 2019), p. 128: Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 2, pp. 506-514, 598-601, vol. 2, p. 2.
  15. Edinburgh Burgh Records 1557–1571 (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 230-1.
  16. BBC News: Mary Queen of Scots documents found at Museum of Edinburgh.
  17. Mary Edmond, Hilliard and Oliver: The Lives and Works of Two Great Miniaturists (London, 1983), p. 56: The Register Book of the Parish of St. Nichols Acons, London: 1539-1812 (London, 1890), p. 93.
  18. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 18-21, 33-5, 108.
  19. Elizabeth Goldring, Nicholas Hilliard (New Haven, 2019), pp. 127-8.
  20. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 32, 35.
  21. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 18-19.
  22. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 19-20.
  23. Robert William Cochran-Patrick, Early Records Relating to Mining in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1878), p. xvi: See also a paper on Scottish gold in British Library Cotton Otho E. X. 12.
  24. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 21-3.
  25. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), p. 33.
  26. Stephen Atkinson, The Discoverie and Historie of Gold Mynes in Scotland, 1619 (Bannatyne Club, 1825), pp. 34-5.
  27. Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1982), p. 80 no. 474.
  28. Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1978), pp. 102.
  29. Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1880), p. 412.
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