Concentrated disadvantage

Associations and effects

Concentrated disadvantage has been found to be positively related to high school completion rates and to homicide rates.[2][3] A positive association between concentrated disadvantage and rates of violence more generally has also been found; this relationship is mediated primarily by collective efficacy.[4] There is also evidence that juvenile court officials perceive more disadvantaged neighborhoods as more dangerous, and so are less likely to release youth from such neighborhoods into their communities.[5] Child development is enhanced the most in neighborhoods with approximately equal amounts of concentrated disadvantage and affluence.[6]

Calculation

According to one formula, concentrated disadvantage is calculated based on five metrics. These metrics are:

  1. Percent of individuals below the povertyline
  2. Percent of individuals on public assistance
  3. Percent female-headed households,
  4. Percent unemployed, and
  5. Percent less than age 18.[1] Another measure of concentrated disadvantage is based on "welfare receipt, poverty, unemployment, female-headed households, racial composition (percentage black), and density of children."[7]

References
  1. "Life Course Indicator: Concentrated Disadvantage" (PDF). Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs.
  2. Wodtke, Geoffrey T.; Harding, David J.; Elwert, Felix (2011-10-01). "Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation". American Sociological Review. 76 (5): 713–736. doi:10.1177/0003122411420816. ISSN 0003-1224. PMC 3413291. PMID 22879678.
  3. Becker, Jacob H. (2016-03-01). "The Dynamics of Neighborhood Structural Conditions: The Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Homicide over Time and Space". City & Community. 15 (1): 64–82. doi:10.1111/cico.12152. ISSN 1540-6040.
  4. Sampson, Robert J.; Raudenbush, Stephen W.; Earls, Felton (1997-08-15). "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy". Science. 277 (5328): 918–924. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9252316.
  5. Rodriguez, Nancy (2013-05-01). "Concentrated Disadvantage and the Incarceration of Youth: Examining How Context Affects Juvenile Justice". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 50 (2): 189–215. doi:10.1177/0022427811425538. ISSN 0022-4278.
  6. Carpiano, Richard M.; Lloyd, Jennifer E. V.; Hertzman, Clyde (2009-08-01). "Concentrated affluence, concentrated disadvantage, and children's readiness for school: A population-based, multi-level investigation". Social Science & Medicine. 69 (3): 420–432. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.028. PMID 19540643.
  7. Sampson, Robert J.; Sharkey, Patrick; Raudenbush, Stephen W. (2008-01-22). "Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (3): 845–852. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710189104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2242679. PMID 18093915.
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