Combat helmet

A combat helmet or battle helmet is a type of helmet, a piece of personal armor designed specifically to protect the head during combat.

Example of a modern combat helmet (British Mk 6 with cloth cover)

History

Helmets are among the oldest forms of personal protective equipment and are known to have been worn by the Akkadians/Sumerians in the 23rd century BC, Mycenaean Greeks since the 17th century BC,[1][2] the Assyrians around 900 BC, ancient Greeks and Romans, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the end of the 17th century by many combatants.[3] Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from leather and brass, and then bronze and iron during the Bronze and Iron Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged steel in many societies after about 950 AD. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with swords, flying arrows, and low-velocity musketry.

Military use of helmets declined after 1670, and rifled firearms ended their use by foot soldiers after 1700[3] but the Napoleonic era saw ornate cavalry helmets reintroduced for cuirassiers and dragoons in some armies which continued to be used by French forces during World War I as late as 1915.[4]

World War I and its increased use of artillery renewed the need for steel helmets, with the French Adrian helmet and the British Brodie helmet being the first modern steel helmets used on the battlefield,[5][6] soon followed by the adoption of similar steel helmets, such as the Stahlhelm[7][8] by the other warring nations. Such helmets offered protection for the head from shrapnel and fragments.

Today's militaries often use high quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as Kevlar and Twaron,[9] which offer improved protection. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, against threats such as concussive shock waves from explosions.[10][11]

Many of today's combat helmets have been adapted for modern warfare requirements and upgraded with STANAG rails to act as a platform for mounting cameras, video cameras and VAS Shrouds for the mounting of night vision goggles (NVG) and monocular night vision devices (NVD).

Beginning in the early 20th century, combat helmets have often been equipped with helmet covers to offer greater camouflage. There have been two main types of covers—mesh nets were earlier widely used, but most modern combat helmets use camouflage cloth covers instead.

By the late 20th century, starting in the 1970s and 1980s, new materials such as Kevlar and Twaron began replacing steel as the primary material for combat helmets, in an effort to improve weight, ballistics protection, and protection against head injuries caused by blasts. This practice still continues into the 21st century, with further advancement and refinements in the fibers used, design and shape of the helmet, and increased modularity. Early helmet systems of this new design are the American PASGT, the Spanish MARTE, the Italian SEPT-2 PLUS, and British Mk6.

List of military helmets

1980-present

ModelImageOriginsFirst IssuedUsersNotes
IHPS


 United States 2019 US Army Part of the U.S. Army Soldier Protection System (SPS)
STSh-81 Soviet UnionTitanium helmet
6B26 RussiaPart of Ratnik infantry system
6B27 RussiaPart of Ratnik infantry system
6B28 RussiaPart of Ratnik infantry system
6B7 RussiaRussian ArmyThis helmet and its variants are the standard-issue headgear of the Russian army, they also are replacing older helmets like the SSh-68; Part of Ratnik infantry system
6B7-1L RussiaRussian Army and Russian Navy naval infantrypart of Ratnik infantry system
Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) United States2002US ArmyDeveloped from the Modular Integrated Communications Helmet[12][13][14]
BK-3 Helmet CroatiaCroatian Army, Swedish Army, German Army, Kuwaiti Army, French Army, Singapore Army, Israel Army, Saudi Arabian Army, Polish Armed Forces, Australian Army, Turkish Armed Forces, Czech Army, Bulgarian Army, United Arab Emirates Army, Lithuanian Armed Forces, Mexican Army, Spanish Army, Pakistan Army, Malaysian Army, Saudi Arabian Army, Finnish Army, National Army of Colombia, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Indonesian Army, Italian Army, Military of Hungary, Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, People's Liberation Army and by the police forces of the following countries: Croatia, Turkey, UK, Spain, Republic of Macedonia, Egypt, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Colombia, Italy, Ukraine, by Argentina and by the UN demining committee.[15]Gefechtshelm M92-style helmet produced by Šestan-Busch made from Aramid fibre, with antiballistic protection level IIIA according to NIJ 0106.01 and antiballistic protection v50≥ 650 m/s according to STANAG 2920.[16] As with the German M92, the BK-3 comes with a three-point chin strap. The BK-3 replaced the Šestan-Busch BK-9 which was the first Croatian version of the Gefechtshelm M92 except it used the original U.S PASGT suspension head system.[17]
BK-6 MexicoMexican ArmyKevlar helmet, adopted in the 2000s (decade). used in conjunction supplementation role with the PASGT. - Imported helmet.
BK-ACH Helmet CroatiaCroatian ArmyACH shape helmet produced by Šestan-Busch, alternative to BK-3
CABAL II ArgentinaArgentine Army InfantryPASGT style ballistic helmet M-6 for Argentine Infantry Approved by CITEFA NIJ Level II according to the standards currently in stage R3B certified to MIL-Std 662 E.[18] However it wasn't issued in large scales.
Capacete Combate Ballistico (CCB) BrazilBrazilian Armed ForcesU.S PASGT-shape helmet in two versions: Polymer and Kevlar.[19]
CG634 Canada1997Canadian ForcesCanadian variant of the French Gallet F2 SPECTRA helmet similar to the U.S Military MICH 2000/ACH helmet (in that it has no peak) but with the U.S PASGT/French F2 helmet suspension system. Issued in 1997.[20][21][22]
Cobra Plus Combat Helmet United States2013Danish Army[23] and British Forces [24]
Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia) Israel2004 (Australia)
2009 (NZ)
Australian Defence Force, New Zealand Defence ForceThe RBH 303AU model was made specially for the ADF, replacing the M91 PASGT helmet. MICH 2000 style helmet made by Rabintex, Israel[25] Was adopted by NZDF from 2009-2019
Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) United States2012 Designed as an upgrade to the Advanced Combat Helmet. Uses thermoplastics instead of ballistic fibers.
EXFIL Ballistic Helmet United States2016 Australian Defence Force[26][27]Tiered Combat Helmet (TCH) forms part of the Soldier Combat Ensemble and includes gun rails and night vison goggle mount.
Gefechtshelm Schuberth B826 (M92) Germany1992 Bundeswehr, Austrian Federal Police,[28] Bahrain Defence Force M1 helmet-based suspension system.[29], Belgian military,[30] Czech Army under license as the Petris P-3001,[31] Danish Army,[32] Dutch Army,[33][34] Estonian Defence Forces, Norwegian Army,[35] Swiss Armed ForcesPASGT type helmet with a sloping peak, rather than the defined peak of the U.S PASGT helmet. Has a 3-point retention strap system.
Gefechtshelm Schuberth B828 Airborne and B828 Tactical Cut GermanyLimited use by the paratroops in Bundeswehr like Fallschirmjäger, Spezialisierte Kräfte des Heeres mit Erweiterter Grundbefähigung für Spezielle Operationen and Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK) -MICH 2000 and MICH 2001 type helmets
GK80 People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Liberation Army, Albania
GOLFO ChileMilitary of ChileChilean PASGT-derived helmet. The helmet is locally made by Baselli Hermanos S.A of kevlar and was introduced in 2000. It is capable of stopping a 9×19mm round at 310m.
Helm wz. 2005 Poland2005Polish Armed Forces.Supplementing the older Helm wz. 93 currently in use. PASGT-type helmet. The 2005 version, made by MASKPOL, came with a 4-point chin strap. The earlier Helm Wz.2000 helmet came with a 3-point chin strap. The peak of the helmet is closer to the original U.S PASGT helmet than other European variants in that the peak has more of the lip of the PASGT than the European-style sloping peak.[36]
Helm wz. 2000 Poland2000Polish Armed Forces.
Helm wz. 93 Poland1993Polish Armed Forces.Being replaced by the Helm wz. 2005.[37]
Hjälm 90 SwedenSwedish Armed Forces
Hjelm Cato NorwayEarly 2000sNorwegian Armed ForcesSimilar to the Swedish Hjalm 90.
M/92 Komposiittikypärä (also known as K-92) FinlandFinnish Defense Forces.Gefechtshelm M92-style PASGT helmet but with U.S PASGT style suspension system.[38] Replaced in the early 2000s (decade) by the M/02. PASGT-Hjelm style blend helmet
KASDA IsraelIsrael Defense Forces, Guatemalan Army
Kyung Chang Industry (KCI) South KoreaRepublic of Korea Armed ForcesPASGT type helmet
Kolpak 2 RussiaRussian army
Lightweight Helmet (LWH) United StatesUnited States Marine Corps[39]PASGT-style helmet with four-point retention strap system and velcro-attached head pad system. Also used by NZDF since the 2000s.
M02 Composite Helmet FinlandFinnish Defence ForcesUpgraded PASGT-style helmet, replacing the Gefechtshelm M92-style M/92 Komposiittikypärä helmet.
M76 paratrooper helmet United Kingdom1976British Armed forces Paratroopers and Airborne units
M80 Helmet Iraq1980Iraqi ArmyPlastic and cloth copy of the M1 Helmet, Developed during Saddam Hussein's Iraq, Limited use on the modern Iraqi army.
M80/03 Helmet Iraq1980Iraqi ArmyImproved and stronger variant of the M80 helmet, this version has a distinct cover
M83 helmet South Africa1983Paratroopers of the South African ArmyVariant of the OR-201 helmet
M87 South Africa1987South African ArmySimilar to U.S PASGT Kevlar helmet, replacing earlier Israeli-style helmet in use since the 1980s
M90 Helmet IraqAnother Iraqi copy of the M1 helmet, unlike the M80 helmet the M90 helmet is composed purely of plastic
M91 helmet AustraliaAustralian Defence Force.PASGT-style kevlar helmet. Was made by RBR Armour Systems Pty Ltd (Australia) introduced 1991. The Australian PASGT helmet was identical to the USA PASGT helmet with the exception of a 3-point chin strap, much like the chin strap of the German B826 Gefechsthelm. Was replaced in 2004 by the Israeli-made Australian Enhanced Combat helmet.
MARTE helmet Spain1985Spanish Armed Forces, Spanish Navy MarinesVersions I to IV, MARTE IV Kevlar helmet currently used by the Spanish Armed Forces. Similar to the PASGT. MICH type helmet replacing it in the Navy Marines.
Mile Dragić M-05 Serbia2005 Serbian Special ForcesMICH type helmet[40]
Mile Dragić M-97 Serbia1997 Serbian ArmyPASGT type helmet[41]
Mk. 6 Helmet United KingdomBritish Armed Forces.[42]being replaced by the Mk. 7 Helmet
Mk. 7 Helmet United KingdomBritish Armed Forces
MKH/PA-1 IndiaIndian Armed ForcesKevlar helmet worn is a PASGT type helmet.
MICH TC-2000 United Statesspecial operations - United States ArmyDeveloped for special operations use and became the basis for the Advanced Combat Helmet
MICH TC-2001 United Statesspecial operations - United States Army"High cut" version of the MICH 2000. It removes all ear protection enabling head gear to be worn
MICH TC-2002 United Statesspecial operations - United States Army"Gunfighter cut",[43] which raises the area around the ears by about 1/2", allowing for a wider range of headsets to be used and roughly meeting the profile of the skateboard and whitewater helmets previously used by special forces.
MPC-1 SloveniaVariant of OR-201 helmet
NP Aerospace AC200/650 GreeceSpecial Forces unit of the Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy and ellenic Air Force- Gefechshelm type helmet. - Hellenic Army, Navy and Air Force primarily use the PASGT
Ops-Core FAST Helmet United States2009 United States special operations, United States SWAT and Law Enforcement, German Bundeswehr, Norwegian Armed Forces, Australian Defence Force, Australian Federal Police and others.
OR-201 Israel1976 Israel Defense Forces, Some units of Special forces of Indian Army, Irish Defence Force, Lebanon (Lebanese Forces, South Lebanon Army, Hezbollah, Lebanese Army), Honduran Army, Guatemalan Army, Peruvian Army, Romanian Army, Nicaragua (National Guard and Police), Portugal (Portuguese Marine Corps), South African Defence Force, Chilean Army (1st Parachutists Battalion "Pelantaru" (1º Batallón de Paracaidistas "Pelantaru")), Sri Lanka, and other countries.
PATKA IndiaIndian Armed ForcesIndigenously built helmet. It can prevent 7.62mm AKM round
PASGT helmet United States1983United States Military, Argentine Army, Mexican Army, New Zealand Defence Force, IraqFirst issued in 1983 to replace the M1 helmet. Former kevlar helmet used by the United States Army, Marine Corps, Navy. Used by the USAF, but is being phased out by the ACH[44] US Air Force.[45] Adopted by the Mexican Armed Forces in the 1990s to replace the M1 helmet. Replaced the M1 helmet of the Argentine army and modified with padded interiors. US-made PASGT helmets by UNICOR replaced the New Zealand M1 helmet in the 2000s. The NZ PASGT was a copy of the USMC Lightweight helmet in that it shares the 4-point retention system and head pad system.[46]
QGF02 People's Republic of China1994 People's Liberation Army
QGF03 People's Republic of China2005 People's Liberation Army
QGF11 People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Liberation Army
RBH303IE IrelandIrish Defence ForceVariant of the Enhanced Combat Helmet (Australia) helmet made by Rabintex
Savar SVRH01 TurkeyTurkish Armed Forces and General Directorate of Security
Savar SVRH02 TurkeyPolice Special Operation Department of the General Directorate of Security
Sistema Compositi SEPT-2 PLUS ItalyItalian Armed Forces[47]
Sistema Compositi SUPERUBOTT ItalySpecial Units (particularly GIS) of the Italian Law Enforcement community[48]
F2 SPECTRA France1992 Danish Army, French Army, Canadian military, Austrian Army, Bangladesh Army, Malta Army, Royal Moroccan Army, Ukrainian Ground Forces, and United Nations peacekeeping forces[49]PASGT shape helmet produced by Gallet of France, introduced early 1990s. 'Spectra' is a brand-name of a type of resistant fibre, not the actual name of the helmet. Unlike most other European PASGT style helmets, the peak of the F2 has the same defined lip as the original U.S PASGT helmet, whereas other European PASGT-style helmets (such as the German M92 and the Croatian BK-3) tend to have a sloping peak.
Type 88 Helmet JapanJSDFPASGT type helmet

1914-1980

ModelImageOriginsFirst issuedUsers
Adrian helmet - Modèle 1915, - Modèle 1926 France1915, 1926 France,  Belgium,  Russian Empire,  Poland, Japan,  Serbia,  Yugoslavia,  United States,  Soviet Union,  Irish Free State,  Italy,  Republic of China,  Manchukuo,  Peru,  Romania,  Mexico,  Greece,  Uruguay,  Thailand,  Brazil[4]
Modèle 1951 France1951 France,  South Vietnam,  South Africa,  Cambodia, ,  Lebanon,  Israel,  Portugal,  Rhodesia
Modèle 1978 France1978 France,  Senegal
Brodie helmet - MkI, - MkII,  United Kingdom1915, 1938 United Kingdom,  Canada,  United States (1917-1942),  Australia,[50]  Republic of China,  Poland (Polish Armed Forces in the West),  Estonia,  Belgium,  New Zealand,  Sri Lanka,  South Africa,  India,  the Netherlands,  Portugal, Luxembourg,  Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1944)
Zuckerman helmet United Kingdom1940 United Kingdom
Helmet Steel Airborne Troop United Kingdom1941 United Kingdom,  CAN,  Poland (Polish Armed Forces in the West),  BEL,  Rhodesia
RAC helmet United Kingdom1941 United Kingdom,  Canada,  Poland (Polish Armed Forces in the West),  Belgium
Mk III Turtle helmet United Kingdom1944 United Kingdom,  Canada
Mk IV helmet United Kingdom1945 United Kingdom,  Canada
Mk V helmet United Kingdom1956 United Kingdom
Stahlhelm[7][8] - M16, - M17, - M18 German Empire1916, 1917, 1918 German Empire,  Weimar Republic,  Nazi Germany,  Irish Free State,  Poland,  Estonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Finland
Stahlhelm M16 Austria-Hungary1916 Austria-Hungary  German Empire,  Weimar Republic,  Poland,  Austria,  Nazi Germany
Stahlhelm M18 (Armoured warfare) German Empire1918 German Empire,  Turkey,  Weimar Republic
Stahlhelm M18 (Telephone and cavalry helmet) German Empire1918 German Empire,  Weimar Republic,  Nazi Germany
Stahlhelm M35 Nazi Germany1935 Nazi Germany,  Republic of China,  China,  Argentina, Chile,  Colombia,  Bolivia,  Mexico,  Estonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland (Home Army)
Stahlhelm M40 Nazi Germany1940 Nazi Germany,  Finland,  Estonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland (Home Army)
Stahlhelm M42 Nazi Germany1942 Nazi Germany,  Hungary,  Finland,  Estonia,  Latvia,  Lithuania,  Poland (Home Army)
Italian M16 Lippmann helmet Italy1916 Italy,  Spain,  Spain
M31 helmet Italy1931 Italy,  Italy
M33 helmet Italy1934 Italy,  Italy,  Finland,  Italy
Greek M1934/39 (helmet) Italy1939 Greece,  Bulgaria
M42 helmet Italy1942 Italy,  Italy,  Italy
M1917 helmet United States1917 USA,  Philippines
M1 helmet United States1941 USA,  Mexico,  Canada,[51]

 Austria,  Belgium,  Czechoslovakia,  Denmark,  West Germany (1956-1992),  Greece,  Netherlands,  Norway,  Poland,  Spain,  Turkey,  Republic of China,  Egypt,  Iran,  Iraq,  South Korea,  Philippines (1944-1991),  Singapore,  Saudi Arabia,  Thailand,  Australia,  New Zealand,  Guatemala,  Argentina, Brazil,  Chile,  Peru,  Venezuela,  Uruguay,  Republic of South Vietnam

Swiss M1918,
Swiss M1918/40
  Switzerland1918  Switzerland,  Argentina
Swiss M1971  Switzerland1971  Switzerland
Danish M1923 helmet Denmark1923 Denmark
Belgian M26/32 Belgium1926 Belgium,  Luxembourg
Swedish M1926 Sweden1926 Sweden,  Finland
Swedish M1937 Sweden1937 Sweden,  Finland
Spanish M1921 Spain1926 (?) Spain,  Spain
Spanish M1926 Spain1930 (?) Spain,  Spain
Spanish M1934 Spain? Spain,  Spain
M1942 Modelo Z Spain? Spain,  Spain
M1942/79 Modelo Z Spain? Spain
Netherlands M23/27, Netherlands M34 Netherlands1928 Netherlands,  Romania
Hełm wz. 28 Poland1928 Poland
Hełm wz. 30 Poland1930 Poland
Hełm wz. 31 Poland1931 Poland,  Nazi Germany,  Finland
Hełm wz. 31/50 Poland1945 Poland
Hełm wz. 50 Poland1950 Poland,  Albania,  Egypt,  Syria,  Iraq
Hełm wz. 63 (Paratrooper helmet) Poland1963 Poland,  DDR
Hełm wz. 64 Poland1964 Poland
Hełm wz. 65 Poland1964 Poland
Hełm wz. 67 Poland1967 Poland,  Egypt,  Afghanistan
Hełm wz. 70 Poland1967 Poland
Irish M1928 Ireland1928 Ireland
Norwegian M31 Norway1931 Norway
Type 90 (also called: Type 30-32, Type 92) Japan1931 Japan,  Thailand,  China
Type 66 Japan1966Variant of M1 Helmet used by some elements of the JSDF Ground Forces
Czechoslovakian M32 helmet Czechoslovakia1932 Czechoslovakia,  Nazi Germany Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovak Republic,  Finland
Czechoslovakian M53 helmet Czechoslovakia1953 Czechoslovakia
Hungarian M35 Hungary1935 Hungary
Hungarian M38 Hungary1938 Hungary,  Finland
Hungarian M50 Hungary1950 Hungary
Hungarian M70 Hungary1970 Hungary
SSh-36
Soviet helmets during World War II
 Soviet Union1936 Soviet Union
SSh-39 Soviet Union1939 Soviet Union,  Poland
SSh-40 Soviet Union1940 Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact),  Poland,  People's Republic of China,  North Korea,  North Vietnam,  Finland,  Afghanistan
SSh-60 Soviet Union1960 Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact),  Afghanistan
SSh-68 Soviet Union1968 Soviet Union (Warsaw Pact),  Afghanistan,  Syria (Russian army, Afghanistan Army, Armenian Army, Azerbaijan Army, Belarus Army, Georgia Army, Moldovia Army, Nicaragua Army, Philippines (Army reservists), Syria Army, Ukraine Army, Uzbekistan Army, Vietnam Army)
Bulgarian M36 helmet Bulgaria1936 Bulgaria[52]
Portuguese M1940 Portugal1940 Portugal
M42 Duperite helmet (Paratrooper helmet) AUS1942 AUS
Mº 44 E.T.A. de Paracaidista used by Argentine Paratroopers Argentina1944 Argentina
M63 Staaldak South Africa1963 Rhodesia,  South Africa

Medieval and early Modern

ModelOriginUsers
Armet15th centuryWestern Europeans.
Barbute15th centuryItalian states.
Bascinetc. 1300Europeans during the Hundred Years' War(1337 to 1453) amid the kingdoms of France,  Aquitaine, Burgundy and  England
Burgonet[53]c. 1600Europeans, especially by militias of  Poland &   Switzerland
Capelinelate 16th centuryEuropeans during the 17th century, including the English Civil War in  England & Thirty Years' War across the  Holy Roman Empire
Cervellierelate 13th centuryChristian Europeans in Crusades during the 14th century
Close helmetlate 15th centuryWestern Europeans.
Dragoon helmetlate 18th century France .
Enclosed helmetlate 12th centuryWestern Europeans.
Frog-mouth helmc. 1600Western Europeans.
Great helm[54]1189Christian Europeans in Third Crusade; other Europeans until 1540
Hounskull14th centuryWestern Europeans.
Kabutoc. 1600Samurai especially during the 17th century of the Edo-period Tokugawa shogunate in Medieval  Japan.
Kettle hat12th centuryCommon all over medieval Europe.
Morion16th and early 17th centuriesEuropeans (esp. associated with Spanish Conquistadores)
Nasal helmetEarly Middle AgesByzantine Empire, later common all over Europe.
Pickelhaube[7][8]1842especially by  Prussia &  German Empire and other Europeans until 1918; revived for 2006 FIFA World Cup in  Germany
Raupenhelmc. 1800-1870High crested leather helmet used primarily by  Kingdom of Bavaria and  Württemberg
Salletc. 1450used in Northern Europe &  Hungary until the mid-16th century
Secrete17th centuryWestern Europeans
Spangenhelm[55]5th centuryCentral Asia, Near East & Europe; espec. by Scythians, Sarmatians, Persians, & Germans until 1000
Tarletonc. 1770-1800Crested, peaked leather helmet used by cavalry and light infantry by  Great Britain,  France and  USA in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
Qing parade helmetafter 1655 till 1911China
Zischaggec. 1600-1780Originated in Ottoman Empire, used by the most of the Europe.

See also headgear listing within Components of medieval armour.

Ancient militaries

ModelOriginUsers
Attic helmetancient Greeks
Boar's tusk helmet17th century BCEMycenaean Greeks until 10th century BCE
Boeotian helmetancient Greek cavalry
Chalcidian helmetancient Greeks
Corinthian helmet[56]ancient Greeks
Disc and stud helmetc. 400 BCEancient Illyrians & Adriatic Veneti until 167 BCE
Galea (helmet)ancient Romans
Horned helmetc. 1000 BCECeltic Europeans until 700 CE
Illyrian type helmetancient Greeks
Kegelhelmancient Greeks
Negau helmetancient Etruscans in Negau, Slovenia
Montefortino helmetancient Romans
Pilosancient Greeks
Pot helmetancient Illyrians
Phrygian/Thracian helmet5th century BCEancient Greeks in Thrace, Dacia, Italia & Hellenistic Europe until c. 200 CE

Padding

Cushioning is used to negate concussive injuries. Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory published a study in 2011 that concluded that the addition of an eighth of an inch/3 millimetres of cushion decreased the impact force to the skull by 24%.[57]

References

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