Clitopilus prunulus

Clitopilus prunulus, commonly known as the miller or the sweetbread mushroom,[1] is an edible pink-spored basidiomycete mushroom found in grasslands in Europe and North America.[2] Growing solitary to gregarious in open areas of conifer/hardwood forests; common under Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) along the coast north of San Francisco; fruiting shortly after the fall rains. It has a grey to white cap and decurrent gills.

The Miller
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Subclass:
Hymenomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Entolomataceae
Genus:
Clitopilus
Species:
C. prunulus
Binomial name
Clitopilus prunulus
Synonyms

Agaricus prunulus Scop., 1772
Agaricus orcella Bull., 1793
Paxillopsis prunulus (Scop.) J.E.Lange
Pleuropus prunulus (Scop.) Murrill

Clitopilus prunulus
float
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is pink
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: choice

Taxonomy

Tyrolean naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli described the miller as Agaricus prunulus in 1772.[3] French mycologist Pierre Bulliard called it Agaricus orcella in 1793. German botanist Paul Kummer erected the genus Clitopilus and gave the miller its current name in 1871.[4] C. prunulus is the type species of the genus, the limits of which have been redefined more than once.[5]

Its common names—the miller, and sweetbread mushroom—are derived from its distinctive smell.

Description

The cap is initially convex when young, but in maturity flattens out, usually with a shallow central depression. It is white or light gray or yellow, sticky when moist, and 3 to 10 cm (1.2 to 3.9 in) in diameter with a characteristic feel to the touch of chamois skin. The gills are decurrent in attachment to the stipe, spaced together rather closely, and whitish, although they often develop a pinkish hue in age. The stipe is 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) long × 4–15 mm thick, and white. This mushroom has a mealy odor, somewhat like cucumber.[6] The spore print is pink. Spores are 9–12 × 5–6.5 µm.[7] Scopoli described it smelling like freshly ground flour. C. prunulus may be found growing on the ground in hardwood and coniferous woods in the summer and fall.

The variant C. prunulus var. orcellus has a slimy cap and white colors.

Distribution and habitat

C. prunulus has been recorded from Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in Sikkim,[8] and from under cork oak in Morocco.[9]

It is found in Valdaysky National Park in Russia.[5]

A specimen identified as C. cf prunulus collected from Kermandie Track in southern Tasmania was related though basal to other collections of the species.[5]

Volatile compounds

The cucumber odor of this species has been attributed to trans-2-nonenal, which is present at a concentration of 17 µg per gram of crushed tissue.[6] C. prunulus contains the volatile compound 1-octen-3-ol, making it unpalatable to the coastal Pacific Northwest banana slug, Ariolimax columbianus.[10]

Similar-looking species

The poisonous Clitocybe rivulosa (fool's funnel) looks similar. The miller has pink spores whereas those of the fools funnel are white, the gills of the miller are more easily pulled away, and the miller smells of raw pastry. The miller also prefers woodland whereas fool's funnel is a grassland species.[11]

References
  1. "Clitopilus prunulus (MushroomExpert.Com)". Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  2. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  3. Scopoli GA (1772). Flora carniolica. 2 (Edn 2 ed.). Impensis Ioannis Pauli Krauss, bibliopolae vindobonensis. p. 437.
  4. Kummer, Paul (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German) (1 ed.). Zerbst, Germany: Luppe. p. 97.
  5. Kluting K, Bergemann S, Baroni TJ (2014). "Toward a stable classification of genera within the Entolomataceae: A phylogenetic re-evaluation of the Rhodocybe-Clitopilus clade". Mycologia. 106 (6): 1127–42. doi:10.3852/13-270. PMID 24987124.
  6. Wood WF, Brandes ML, Watson RL, Jones RL, Largent DL (1994). "trans-2-Nonenal, the cucumber odor of mushrooms". Mycologia. 86 (4): 561–563. doi:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026450.
  7. Rosanne A. Healy; Huffman, Donald R.; Lois H. Tiffany; George Knaphaus (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 75. ISBN 1-58729-627-6.
  8. Das K (2010). "Diversity and conservation of wild mushrooms in Sikkim with special reference to Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary" (PDF). NeBIO. 1 (2): 1–13.
  9. Yakhlef SB, Kerdouh B, Mousain D, Ducousso M, Duponnois R, Abourouh M (2009). "Phylogenetic diversity of Moroccan cork oak woodlands fungi". Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 13 (4): 521–28.
  10. Wood WF, Archer CL, Largent DL (2001). "1-Octen-3-ol, a banana slug antifeedant from mushrooms". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 29 (5): 531–533. doi:10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00076-4.
  11. John Wright (2007). River Cottage Handbook No.1 Mushrooms. London: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. ISBN 978-0-7475-8932-7.
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