Chandala

The first mention of the four fold varna division is found in the later Rigveda. Vedic literature also mentions of some groups such as Ayogava, Chandala, Nishada, and Paulkasa which were outside the four-varna classification. They were referred to as belonging to the panchama varna or panchamas meaning fifth. The Yajurveda mentions about their degradation from the varna classes, mentioning the Chandala group in particular, who were said to be the untouchable class of people born of the union between a Shudra male and a Brahmin female.[2]

There are frequent references to the forest-dwellers in the post Rigvedic literature; the Chandalas were one of these primitive people, who were forced to belong to the fringes of the society. The Chandalas were "severely stigmatized in the later Vedic age", but untouchability appeared later during 600 B.C. to 200 A.D. According to Manusmriti, a degraded occupation does not signify untouchability, though untouchability forces a person to take up "low and impure occupation". In the post-Manu era, the practice of untouchability did not just intensify, but also applied to increasingly more groups of people, and the term Chandala became a label not just for a tribe but for all whom the Indo-Aryans considered to be at the very bottom of society.[3]

In parts of India except some regions like Bengal, Chandal can be also used for referring a mean or low person.[1][4]

• Burakumin
• Namasudra
• Tschandala

• Anna Dallapiccola, Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend, ISBN 0-500-51088-1