Capromeryx

Capromeryx were the smallest members of the pronghorn family Antilocapridae. They are recognized by having two upright horns that are conical in shape (wider at the base and tapering toward the top).[3] The United States distribution of this genus includes: Arizona, California, Florida, New Mexico, Texas, and Washington. Fossils have also been found in the Mexican states of: Chihuahua, Sonara, and Baja California.[1] Many Capromeryx fossils have been found in tar pits, and juveniles are especially common. One such location is the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, where enough bones have been unearthed to produce a full skeleton sample of Capromeryx minor.[4]

Much like the living pronghorns that exist today, the habitat that these animals were thought to inhabit were grassy plains with some shrubs and large trees for them to take refuge in.[1] It is still unknown what exactly they ate and how they interacted socially but it is speculated that they were similar in many ways to their living relatives, the North American Pronghorn.

The only living relative of Capromeryx, Antilocapra americana.

Though the identification of Capromeryx often relies on the basis of tooth size and shape, the description and acceptance of the various species of Capromeryx requires the fossil presence of horn cores (the bony inner shaft of the horn).[5] Some species have not yet produced these cores and therefore have not been recognized as distinct species. Fossil specimens are instead classified by size.[6] Fossils identified as the family Antilocapridae are similarly distributed into genus by size, with Capromeryx being the smallest of the known Pronghorns.[7]

There are several species of Capromeryx, however only four have been formally recognized:

• Capromeryx arizonensis
• Capromeryx furicifer
• Capromeryx tauntonensis
• Capromeryx minor

Some described but unrecognized species include:

• Capromeryx mexicana
• Capromeryx gidleyi

The earliest fossil records of Capromeryx are dated to 5 million years ago, during the Pliocene, and the most recent are dated to about 11,000 years ago around the time of their extinction. The fossils over time showed a distinct change in size for the Capromeryx, as they started out with larger bodies and distinct two pronged horns with a smaller anterior prong and a large posterior prong, and evolved to become smaller with less distinct horns, where the anterior prong was barely visible due to the decreased size under the horn sheath.[1][8]

The first description of C. furcifer was in 1902 by W.D. Matthew in New Mexico, but it has been found in other locations as well but by other individuals (Hay Springs, Nebraska and La Brea, California are two such locations).[3]

The first description of C. arizonensis was in 1942 by M. F. Skinner also found in New Mexico at two sites called Pearsons Mesa and Caballo.[3] These sites are described as being late Blancan.

James K. Morgan and Neil H. Morgan were the first to describe C. tauntonensis in 1995 in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. They discovered the fossils that included horn cores and teeth during a dig (from 1988 to 1992) in Blancan sediments in Adams County, Washington.[9]

Though it is unknown why exactly Capromeryx disappeared from the North American landscape, it is evident that this genus began to decline in diversity around the time of the Late Miocene.[1]