Cap (sport)

In sport, a cap is a metaphorical term for a player's appearance in a game at international level. The term dates from the practice in the United Kingdom of awarding a cap to every player in an international match of association football. In the early days of football, the concept of each team wearing a set of matching shirts had not been universally adopted, so each side would distinguish itself from the other by wearing a specific sort of cap.

For the physical headgear, see Cap.

Sports cap awarded to a Perth Academy schoolboy in Scotland during the season of 1930–1931

An early illustration of the first international football match between Scotland and England in 1872 shows the Scottish players wearing cowls, and the English wearing a variety of school caps. The practice was first approved on 10 May 1886 for association football after a proposal made by N. Lane Jackson, founder of the Corinthians:

That all players taking part for England in future international matches be presented with a white silk cap with red rose embroidered on the front. These to be termed International Caps.[1]

The act of awarding a cap is now international and is applied to other sports. Although in some sports physical caps may not now always be given (whether at all or for each appearance) the term "cap" for an international or other appearance has been retained as an indicator of the number of occasions on which a sportsperson has represented a team in a particular sport. Thus, a "cap" is awarded for each game played and so a player who has played x games, for the team, is said to have been capped x times or have won x caps.

The practice of awarding a physical cap varies from sport to sport. It may be awarded prior to a player's debut or, particularly for national teams, a commemorative cap may be awarded after a player reaches the 100th cap.[2][3]

Association football

As an example, the men's association football teams still awards physical caps. Players are awarded one cap for every match they play — unless they play in a World Cup or European Championship finals tournament. Then they are given a single cap for the competition — with the names of all their opponents stitched into the fabric of the cap itself. For example, when David Beckham made his one hundredth appearance for England, because a number of his appearances had been at World Cup and European Championship final tournaments for which he only one cap, he received only his 85th physical cap.[4] In Scotland, for many years the practice was to only present caps for appearances in the British Home Championship, meaning that several players never received one (including those in their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad); this anomaly was rectified retrospectively in the 2000s after pressure from players' families.[5][6][7]

Records
See also: List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps, Progression of association football caps record, and List of women's footballers with 100 or more international caps

The world record holder for the highest number of international caps as of 5 November 2010 is retired American player Kristine Lilly, who has 354 caps. In men's association football, the record belongs to former player Ahmed Hassan of Egypt; he surpassed Claudio Suárez with his 178th cap on 27 March 2012. The first footballer to win 100 international caps was Billy Wright of England's Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wright went on to appear 105 times for England, 90 of them he obtained whilst he was a captain.

Bold denotes players currently active in international football.

Men
As of 4 December 2019[8]
Most caps in men's association football
Rank Caps Name Country Career
1184Ahmed Hassan Egypt1995–2012
2178Mohamed Al-Deayea Saudi Arabia1993–2006
3177Claudio Suárez Mexico1992–2006
4176Gianluigi Buffon Italy1997–2018
5175Ahmed Mubarak Oman2003–2019
Bader Al-Mutawa Kuwait2003–2019
7170Hossam Hassan Egypt1985–2006
Sergio Ramos Spain2005–2019
9168Iván Hurtado Ecuador1992–2014
10167Iker Casillas Spain2000–2016

Women
As of 8 June 2020
Most caps in women's association football
Rank Caps Name Country Career
1354Kristine Lilly United States1987–2010
2311Christie Pearce United States1997–2015
3291Christine Sinclair Canada2000–2020
4290Carli Lloyd United States2005–2020
5276Mia Hamm United States1987–2004
6274Julie Foudy United States1988–2004
7255Abby Wambach United States2001–2015
8241Joy Fawcett United States1987–2004
9231Heather O'Reilly United States2002–2016
10219Pu Wei China PR1997–2014

Cricket
See also: Cricket cap

As in association football, cricket still awards a physical cap. Caps are awarded both at international and domestic level, however the criteria for winning a cap differs between international and domestic cricket.

In international cricket, a player is awarded a cap for every appearance made. It is common for a player to be presented with their cap in a ceremony on the first morning of their maiden Test match, although a physical cap may not be presented for every occasion on which a player represents his country. International caps are numbered according to the number of players who have represented the country before. For example, cap number 50 is awarded to the fiftieth player to represent the country.

In some domestic cricket competitions, caps are also awarded. However, they are often not awarded automatically for every appearance made, rather at the discretion of the administrators of the club for whom the recipient plays. The most prevalent example of the latter system is in English county cricket, in which many First Class counties award a "county cap" to players.

Records

As of March 2020, 67 players have won 100 or more caps in Test cricket. The most capped players are:

Players still active at Test level are in bold type.

As of 8 June 2020[9]
Most caps in men's test cricket
Rank Caps Name Country Career
1200Sachin Tendulkar India1989–2013
2168Ricky Ponting Australia1995–2012
Steve Waugh Australia1985–2004
4166Jacques Kallis South Africa
ICC World XI		1995–2013
5164Shivnarine Chanderpaul West Indies1994–2015
Rahul Dravid India
ICC World XI		1996–2012
7161Alastair Cook England2006–2018
8156Allan Border Australia1978–1994
9151James Anderson England2003–2020
10149Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka1997–2014
Notes ^ For South Africa, current cap numbers start from their readmission to Test cricket.

Rugby union

In rugby union, 64 players have reached 100 international caps as of 27 Oct 2019. Players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland are eligible for selection to the British and Irish Lions touring squad. Lions matches are classed as full international tests, and caps are awarded. The Pacific Islanders team, composed of players from Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue and Cook Islands have a similar arrangement, although no players involved have so far reached 100 caps (Fijian Nicky Little is closest with 71 caps).

Players still active at Test level are in bold type.

As of 8 June 2020[10]
Most caps in men's rugby union
Rank Caps Name Country Career
1148Richie McCaw New Zealand2001–2015
2147Alun Wyn Jones Wales
 British and Irish Lions		2006–2020
3142Sergio Parisse Italy2002–2019
4141Brian O'Driscoll Ireland
 British and Irish Lions		1999–2014
5139George Gregan Australia1994–2007
6134Gethin Jenkins Wales
 British and Irish Lions		2002–2016
7132Keven Mealamu New Zealand2002–2015
8130Ronan O'Gara Ireland
 British and Irish Lions		2000–2013
9129Stephen Moore Australia2005–2017
10127Victor Matfield South Africa2001–2015
Kieran Read New Zealand2008–2019

Rugby league

The International Rugby League honours players that have made 50 international appearances in their career with a special golden cap.[11] The record for most caps is held by former Australian Kangaroos player & captain Darren Lockyer with 59 matches.

Players still active at Test level are in bold type.

As of 8 June 2020
Most caps in men's rugby league
Rank Caps Name Country Career
159Darren Lockyer Australia1998–2011
256Cameron Smith Australia2006–2017
355Ruben Wiki New Zealand1994–2006
454Jim Sullivan Wales
Great Britain
England		1921–1934
553James Graham Great Britain
England		2006–2019
Adrian Morley Great Britain
England		1996–2012
751Adam Blair New Zealand2006–2019
Petero Civoniceva Australia
Fiji		2001–2014
950Mick Sullivan Great Britain
England		1954–1962
1046Gary Freeman New Zealand1986–1996
Stacey Jones New Zealand1995–2006
Mal Meninga Australia1982–1994

References
  1. "What does the term 'Cap' mean in sport?". albionsports.wordpress.com. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  2. "All Blacks century-makers: What it takes to crack 100". The New Zealand Herald. 9 October 2015.
  3. "Steven Gerrard memorabilia to be exhibited at Anfield". Sky Sports. 15 May 2015.
  4. "Don't tell anyone, but this is only Beckham's 85th cap". Reuters. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  5. Paul Weaver (21 November 2005). "Tale of injustice that prompted a son to shine". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  6. Eddie Turnbull: Having a Ball, Eddie Turnbull, Martin Hannan; Random House, 2012, ISBN 9781780574684
  7. Shades: The Short Life and Tragic Death of Erich Schaedler, Colin Leslie; Black & White Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781845027308
  8. "FIFA Century Club" (PDF). FIFA.com. FIFA. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  9. "Individual Records". stats.espncricinfo.com. ESPN Cricinfo. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  10. "Player Records". stats.espnscrum.com. ESPN Scrum. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  11. "RLIF to award 'golden caps'". TotalRL.com. Total Rugby League. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
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