British Left

The British Left is a range of political parties and movements in the United Kingdom. These can take the position of either centre-left, left-wing or far-left.

Timeline of parties in the broad socialist movement

The largest political party associated with the British Left is the Labour Party, which is also the biggest political party in the UK by membership levels, with over 580,000 members.[1] Labour has 202 seats in the House of Commons, and has been the Official Opposition since May 2010. The current Leader of the Labour Party is Keir Starmer, who was first elected on 4 April 2020.

The second largest party on the British Left, by membership, is the centre-left Scottish National Party (SNP), which has over 125,000 members despite only being active in Scotland.[2] The third largest party on the British Left is the Green Party of England and Wales, whose membership reached 50,000 in September 2019.[3] The party has one Member of Parliament, Caroline Lucas, who was first elected as the MP for Brighton Pavilion at the 2010 general election. She was also Leader of the party from 2008–2012 and then co-leader with Jonathan Bartley from 2016–2018.

The other three political parties on the left and with representation in parliament are the centre-left Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) of Northern Ireland; the left-wing Plaid Cymru, who are only active in Wales and Sinn Féin, also from Northern Ireland. The SNP has 48 MPs, Plaid has four MPs and Sinn Féin has seven MPs, but Sinn Féin does not sit in Westminster as it refuses to take the parliamentary Oath of Allegiance. In total the British Left therefore have 255 out of 650 MPs.

History
Main article: History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom

Active in Britain

Labour Party
Main article: Labour Party (UK)
Labour Party individual membership, excluding affiliated members and supporters (1928–2019)

The biggest party on the left in the UK in terms of members and representation is the Labour Party, which was founded as the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) in 1900. With the party's rebranding as "New Labour" in the 1990s under the leadership of Tony Blair, the party accepted a number of economic policies associated with the right causing it to be identified as centrist rather than socialist, and was no longer considered as being a party of the Left;[4][5] Blair himself described New Labour's ideology as "Third Way", like Bill Clinton's Democratic Party in the United States. The Labour Party under Blair's leadership accepted many of the neoliberal economic policies enforced by the previous Conservative governments. When Ed Miliband was elected as Leader of the Labour Party in 2010, he announced the abandonment of the New Labour agenda, and promised to return to socialism,[6] clamp down on tax avoidance, introduce a wealth tax in the form of a Mansion Tax, raise income tax for high earners and break up the banks.[7] The party was subsequently criticised by some, including Tony Blair himself; as straying leftwards from the "centre ground" of British politics,[8] and that Miliband was a "traditional left-wing" politician.[9] However, others disputed this view, and put Labour's loss at the 2015 general election down to the party being too right-wing.[10][11]

The unexpected landslide victory of Jeremy Corbyn at the subsequent Labour Party leadership election in September 2015[12] represented a revival of the Labour left-wing and led to a huge increase in membership;[13] in the Cabinet reshuffle that followed, John McDonnell (chairman of the Labour Representation Committee) and Diane Abbott (member of the Socialist Campaign Group) were both appointed to the Shadow Cabinet.[14] While not winning, Labour made modest improvements at the 2017 general election[15][16] which was taken as a vindication by some of the left turn.[17][18] The party fell in the 2019 general election to its lowest share of seats since 1935, although many believe this was due to a complicated manifesto and Brexit policy, a poor approach to campaigning and the unpopularity of Corbyn.[19][20][21]

Labour's status as a socialist party has been disputed by those who do not see the party as being part of the Left,[22][23][24] although the general consensus is that Labour are a left-wing political party.[25][26]

Internal groups

Magazine support

Green Party of England and Wales

In 2015, the membership of the Green Party quadrupled, and its support in national opinion polls sextupled.[27] Several factors contributed, including the collapse of the Lib Dem vote, the influence of social media and greater awareness among younger people about the rise of other left-wing parties in Europe such as: Podemos in Spain and Syriza in Greece, as well as a rise in anti-austerity movements across the UK and Europe.[28] Other factors included the Scottish independence referendum, which proved to be an inspiration for a new kind of politics. Other key factors had been the contrast in conferences of the Green Party and Labour in September 2014, and the media exclusion of the Greens during and following their successes at the European elections; a petition against the media blackout of the Green Party reached 260,000 signatures.[29] The party also received a significant spike in membership during January 2015 following David Cameron's demand that the Greens be included in the leaders' debates for the 2015 general election. The Green Party has been included in a seven-way television debate.[30] The Greens' 2015 spring conference had a record 1,300 members attend; the party became the second-largest of the European Greens in this period, as well as increasing significantly in national polls from an average 1% to 7%. It beat the Liberal Democrats to fourth place at the 2014 European Elections with 8%, under a proportional voting system, having a third MEP elected.

However the Greens achieved only a 1.6% vote share at the 2017 general election,[31] following a rejection by Labour of an election pact[32] and an increase in vote share by the two major parties. The status of the Greens as a party of the Left has, along with Labour; been disputed.[33][34][35]

Internal groups

Other organisations

The now defunct Respect Party (formed in 2004), which at one point had the support of other Left groups (such as the Socialist Workers Party and Socialist Resistance) and some electoral success, lost its last local councillors in 2014[36] and its sole MP George Galloway - who was also the party leader. Respect disbanded after twelve years, on 18 August 2016.[37]

The Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition (TUSC), founded in 2010, comprises the Socialist Party, Socialist Workers Party and RMT trade union. As of 2016, TUSC had a small number of affiliated local councillors. Following the 2015 election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader, TUSC floated plans for a future electoral pact with any Labour councillors standing on an anti-austerity platform;[38] subsequently TUSC stood fewer candidates in the 2016 and 2017 local elections, based on a case by case reckoning of the political stance of local Labour candidates.[39] In May 2017, TUSC confirmed that it would stand no candidates at the forthcoming general election,[40] and give full support to Labour.[41] In 2018, TUSC suspended electoral activity until further notice.[42]

A new party, Left Unity, was formed in November 2013 and backed by a number of existing left-wing parties. Left Unity had an electoral pact with TUSC for the 2015 elections[43] but has since renounced independent electoral activity in favour of Labour.[44]

The Communist Party of Britain (CPB), is a split from (and effectively the political successor to) the historical Communist Party of Great Britain, once the largest British far-left organisation.[45] In 2017, the CPB announced that it would field no candidates at that year's general election, and give support to Labour instead.[46]

Some small left and far-left parties continue to contest elections independently, such as the Socialist Party of Great Britain (the oldest extant left-wing political party, having formed in 1904). Other parties and groups are electorally inactive, renounce participation in elections,[47][48][49] or work unofficially in support of, or advocate a vote for, the Labour Party.

Electorally active parties

Non-electoral groups
Groups supporting the Labour Party
Entryist groups within Labour Party
Further information: Entryism
Parties working within TUSC
Further information: Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
Others

Active only in Scotland

Active only in Wales

Local parties

Media
Main article: List of left-wing publications in the United Kingdom

Media and publications affiliated to organisations

Unaffiliated

See also

References
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  2. McDonald, Karl (3 September 2018). "The SNP overtake the Tories to become Britain's second biggest party". i. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  3. Jarvis, Chris (6 February 2020). "BREAKING: Green Party membership hits 50,000". www.bright-green.org. Bright Green. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  4. "Labour, Neoliberalism and the Future". 6 July 2013.
  5. Hain, Peter (5 January 2015). "A smaller state? It's what got us into trouble to begin with". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  6. "Ed Miliband: I'm bringing socialism back to Britain", The Telegraph, September 2013.
  7. "Labour will restore 50p top rate of income tax, says Ed Balls", The Guardian, January 2014
  8. "Tony Blair says Labour 'left-wing' warning 'misinterpreted'". BBC News. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  9. "Blair claims 'left-wing' comments about Miliband were 'misinterpreted'". ITV News. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  10. Stanley, Tim (15 May 2015). "Labour didn't lose because it was too Left-wing. But it will lose again if it becomes too Right-wing". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  11. Wintour, Patrick (13 May 2015). "Labour did not lose election because it was too leftwing, says Unite chief". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  12. ToHelm. "Corbyn hails huge mandate as he sets out leftwing agenda". the Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  13. "Labour claim membership surge after Corbyn election". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  14. "Jeremy Corbyn unveils 'unifying' shadow cabinet team". BBC News. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  15. Agerholm, Harriet; Dore, Louis (9 June 2017). "Jeremy Corbyn increased Labour's vote share more than any leader since 1945". The Independent.
  16. Pickard, Jim (8 June 2017). "Jeremy Corbyn confounds critics with 'gobsmacking' gain". Financial Times.
  17. Younge, Gary (10 June 2017). "Despite all the smears and distortions, this was a victory for hope - Gary Younge". the Guardian.
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  19. Helm, Toby (14 December 2019). "I take my share of responsibility for this defeat, says Jeremy Corbyn" – via www.theguardian.com.
  20. Proctor, Kate (13 December 2019). "Five reasons why Labour lost the election" – via www.theguardian.com.
  21. Proctor, Kate; Murray, Jessica (27 January 2020). "Labour defeat due to gimmicks and division, say members" – via www.theguardian.com.
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  37. Helen Pidd "Who is the leader of the Respect party these days?" theguardian.com (The Northerner Blog), 28 October 2013
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  41. "TUSC CONFIRMS NO CANDIDATES IN JUNE AND FULL SUPPORT FOR A CORBYN LED GOVERNMENT WITH SOCIALIST POLICIES". www.tusc.org.uk.
  42. "TUSC SUSPENDS ELECTORAL ACTIVITY NATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE STATEMENT". www.tusc.org.uk.
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  46. Smith, Mikey (24 April 2017). "Communist Party backs Corbyn and won't stand any candidates in the election".
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