Barkly Tableland

The Barkly Tableland is a rolling plain of grassland in Australia. It runs from the eastern part of the Northern Territory into western Queensland.[2] It is one of the five regions in the Northern Territory and covers 283,648 square kilometres (109,517 sq mi), 21% of the Northern Territory. The Barkly Tableland runs parallel to the southern shore of the Gulf of Carpentaria, from about Mount Isa, Queensland to near Daly Waters.

For the local government area in the Northern Territory, see Barkly Region.
Barkly Tableland
Northern Territory
Location of the Barkly Tablelands
Population6,330 (2007)[1]
 • Density0.0198/km2 (0.0512/sq mi)
Area320,000 km2 (123,552.7 sq mi)
Territory electorate(s)Barkly
Federal Division(s)Lingiari
Localities around Barkly Tableland:
Katherine Region Katherine Region Katherine Region
Katherine Region Barkly Tableland Queensland
Alice Springs Region Alice Springs Region Queensland

History

William Landsborough was the first non-Indigenous person to explore the tableland and named it after Sir Henry Barkly, then governor of Victoria.

In 1877 the overlander, Nathaniel Buchanan and Sam Croker crossed the Barkly Tableland and rode on to the Overland Telegraph Line opening new land for settlement. It was not until the introduction of generous leasing arrangements on the Barkly in the late 1870s that the region became more settled.[3]

In 1883, Harry Readford, one of the inspirations for the literary character Captain Starlight, drove a mob of cattle to the Barkly and subsequently established Brunette Downs (then called Corella Creek), with outstations at Anthony Lagoon and Cresswell Creek, for Macdonald, Smith and Co. In 1884, 2,500 cattle were driven to Brunette Downs and in 1885, Readford brought in 1,200 mixed cattle from Burketown. Other stations in the area include Alexandria, Mittiebah and Walhallow.

Geography
Map of the region showing major roads and selected towns. The background is an elevation model so the tableland's extent can be identified as the rather uniformly coloured darker green area (corresponding to an elevation of 200–300 metres) around the appropriately named Barkly and Tableland Highways.
Brolgas, Brunette Downs station, Barkly Tableland, NT

The Barkly Tableland rises to more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) near the Queensland and Northern Territory border. Black soil plains cover much of the Barkly Tableland.[4] Rainfall in this inland area is low (350mm pa) and subject to extreme seasonal fluctuations with rains occurring from November to March during the hot (up to 40 °C) summer. Winters are cool and frost may occur, especially in the southern section of the plain in Queensland.

The Barkly Tableland is a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield division. It includes the Mueller Plateau and Sandover-Pituri Platform physiographic sections between the desert uplands in the west and Mount Isa, Queensland in the east. The Tableland drains into the Gulf of Carpentaria via the Flinders River while the southwestern plains drain into Lake Eyre via the Diamantina River or into the Simpson Desert via the Georgina River which has its source on the Tableland. Mount Isa meanwhile is drained by the Leichardt River. Waterways on the Tableland itself are small as most water drains into the porous limestone, sometimes forming salt lakes such as Lake Buchanan in Queensland. Tarrabool Lake, the largest wooded swamp in tropical Australia, when completely filled, is located in the west of the Tablelands. Other important water sources on the downs are the artesian springs such as those of the Edgbaston Reserve.

The Barkly region, with a population of just over 5,900 people, has the lowest population of any region in the Northern Territory. Most live in the main town of Tennant Creek.[5] Barkly has a diverse economy including agriculture, fishing, and defence but the main source of income is cattle ranching as the area includes some of the best beef cattle grazing country in Australia.

Tablelands Highway

Some of the very large cattle stations located on the Tableland include Alexandria Station, Alroy Downs, Anthony Lagoon, Austral Downs, Avon Downs, Banka Banka, Brunette Downs, Creswell Downs, Eva Downs, Helen Springs, Newcastle Waters and Lake Nash Station.

The region attracts more than 140,000 tourists average each year.

Ecology

The dominant flora of the Tableland is semi-arid savanna of Mitchell grass. The Tableland forms the western portion of the Mitchell Grass Downs ecoregion, which covers an area running 1500 km from here southeast into the Channel Country of Queensland. The Carpentaria tropical savanna ecoregion lies to the north in the lowlands around the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Victoria Plains tropical savanna lies to the west. The central Australian desert lies south of these savannas and grasslands. The grasslands are mostly used for cattle grazing and are home to some threatened species of plants and animals. The higher areas of Mount Isa and the Selwyn Range, known as the Mount Isa Inlier, have their own unique wildlife.

Biogeographic Region

The Barkly Tableland (MGD02), with an area of 9,479,612 hectares (23,424,630 acres), is an IBRA biogeographic subregion of the Mitchell Grass Downs (MGD) IBRA region (or bioregion). The Mitchell Grass Downs bioregion, together with the Mount Isa Inlier and Desert Uplands bioregions, constitute the larger Mitchell Grass Downs ecoregion.[6]

IBRA regions and subregions: IBRA7
IBRA region / subregionIBRA codeAreaStatesLocation in Australia
Mitchell Grass DownsMGD33,468,761 hectares (82,703,110 acres)NT / Qld
SylvesterMGD011,153,283 hectares (2,849,820 acres)
Barkly TablelandMGD029,479,612 hectares (23,424,630 acres)
Georgina LimestoneMGD032,292,026 hectares (5,663,720 acres)
Southwestern DownsMGD043,715,454 hectares (9,181,090 acres)
Kynuna PlateauMGD052,293,311 hectares (5,666,890 acres)
Northern DownsMGD06435,263 hectares (1,075,560 acres)
Central DownsMGD079,378,817 hectares (23,175,560 acres)
Southern Wooded DownsMGD084,720,995 hectares (11,665,830 acres)

See Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia

Flora

Mitchell grass is hardy with long roots so is well adapted to dry soils and periods of drought. The grasslands support other distinctive plants alongside the grasses but there are no areas of thick woodland, only acacia trees scattered across the plain, and red river gum along watercourses.[7]

Fauna

The habitat of the Mitchell Grass Downs is mostly a uniform cover of grassland and therefore does not support a great variety of wildlife.[8] The few mammals include the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and the Alexandria false antechinus (Pseudantechinus mimulus), a small carnivorous marsupial found only in a number of small, isolated localities in northern Australia, including Alexandria Station on the Barkly Tableland. Meanwhile, the section of the Mitchell grasslands in Queensland is home to another endangered marsupial, the Julia Creek dunnart.

There are healthy populations of grassland birds such as the flock bronzewing, while the endangered night parrot has been spotted in Diamantina National Park in Queensland. The seasonal wetlands of the downs are important habitats, particularly as breeding grounds for waterbirds. These include the Lake Tarabool swamp, Lake Woods, Lake Buchanan and Lake Galilee (Queensland).

There are also many snakes and other reptiles and amphibians adapted to the clay soils that crack in the long dry season and turn to mud after the rains. These include burrowing frogs that emerge to breed in the mud and the long-haired rat which erupts in huge numbers after the monsoon and spreads across the grasslands. Endemic reptiles of the downs include the dwarf dtella gecko (Gehyra minuta), some species of Ctenotus and Lerista skinks, an agamid lizard (Pogona henrylawsoni), and a monitor lizard (Spencer's goanna). The snakes include the Elapidae; speckled brown snake (Pseudonaja guttata), Ingram's brown snake (Pseudonaja ingrami), and Collett's snake, all of which are venomous. Insects include a number of endemic species of ant.

Threats and preservation

Some of the grassland is protected but most is pasture and although largely unspoilt, it is vulnerable to overgrazing, particularly areas of Queensland bluebush (Chenopodium auricomum). The downs are home to a number of endangered species and localised habitats that are threatened.

Protected areas that contain Mitchell grassland include Connells Lagoon Conservation Reserve[9] in the Northern Territory. In Queensland, Astrebla Downs National Park, which is part of the national initiative to resuscitate the endangered bilby marsupial; Moorrinya National Park and Bladensburg National Park, both home to the Julia Creek dunnart; Diamantina National Park; and White Mountains National Park which contains areas of desert uplands at the western edge of the tableland. The Mount Isa area is more or less unprotected except that part of it is in Boodjamulla National Park.

References
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2 October 2008). "Australian Demographic Statistics" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
  2. "Barkly Tableland (entry 1654)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  3. "Chisholm, Alec H.". The Australian Encyclopaedia. Sydney: Halstead Press. 1963.
  4. Surface geology of Australia Archived July 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2 September 2008
  5. "Barkly Tablelands Region". Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  6. "Mitchell Grass Downs". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  7. "Mitchell Grass Downs". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  8. "Mitchell Grass Downs". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  9. "Terrestrial Protected Areas by Reserve Type in Northern Territory (2016)". CAPAD 2016. Australian government. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2019. refer 'DETAIL' tab for the IBRA Region code

19°38′50″S 134°11′25″E

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