Australian Open

The Australian Open is managed by Tennis Australia, formerly the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia (LTAA), and was first played at the Warehouseman's Cricket Ground in Melbourne in November 1905. This facility is now known as the Albert Reserve Tennis Centre and was a grass court.[7]

The tournament was first known as the Australasian Championships. It became the Australian Championships in 1927 and the Australian Open in 1969.[8] Since 1905, the Australian Open has been staged in five Australian and two New Zealand cities: Melbourne (55 times), Sydney (17 times), Adelaide (14 times), Brisbane (7 times), Perth (3 times), Christchurch (1906) and Hastings (1912).[8] Though started in 1905, the tournament was not designated as being a major championship until 1924, by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) at a 1923 meeting. The tournament committee changed the structure of the tournament to include seeding at that time.[9] In 1972, it was decided to stage the tournament in Melbourne each year because it attracted the biggest patronage of any Australian city.[7] The tournament was played at the Kooyong Lawn Tennis Club from 1972 until its move to the new Melbourne Park complex in 1988.

The new facilities at Melbourne Park (formerly Flinders Park) were envisaged to meet the demands of a tournament that had outgrown Kooyong's capacity. The move to Melbourne Park was an immediate success, with a 90 per cent increase in attendance in 1988 (266,436) on the previous year at Kooyong (140,000).[10]

Because of Australia's geographic remoteness, very few foreign players entered this tournament in the early 20th century. In the 1920s, the trip by ship from Europe to Australia took about 45 days. The first tennis players who came by boats were the US Davis Cup players in November 1946.[10] Even inside the country, many players could not travel easily. When the tournament was held in Perth, no one from Victoria or New South Wales crossed by train, a distance of about 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) between the East and West coasts. In Christchurch in 1906, of a small field of 10 players, only two Australians attended and the tournament was won by a New Zealander.[11]

Margaret Court Arena at the Australian Open with the old Rebound Ace surface. Rod Laver Arena, the centre court, in the background

The first tournaments of the Australasian Championships suffered from the competition of the other Australasian tournaments. Before 1905, all Australian states and New Zealand had their own championships, the first organised in 1880 in Melbourne and called the Championship of the Colony of Victoria (later the Championship of Victoria).[12] In those years, the best two players – Australian Norman Brookes (whose name is now written on the men's singles cup) and New Zealander Anthony Wilding – almost did not play this tournament. Brookes took part once and won in 1911, and Wilding entered and won the competition twice (1906 and 1909). Their meetings in the Victorian Championships (or at Wimbledon) helped to determine the best Australasian players. Even when the Australasian Championships were held in Hastings, New Zealand, in 1912, Wilding, though three times Wimbledon champion, did not come back to his home country. It was a recurring problem for all players of the era. Brookes went to Europe only three times, where he reached the Wimbledon Challenge Round once and then won Wimbledon twice. Thus, many players had never played the Austral(as)ian amateur or open championships: the Doherty brothers, William Larned, Maurice McLoughlin, Beals Wright, Bill Johnston, Bill Tilden, René Lacoste, Henri Cochet, Bobby Riggs, Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Pancho Gonzales, Budge Patty, and others, while Brookes, Ellsworth Vines, Jaroslav Drobný, came just once. Even in the 1960s and 1970s, when travel was less difficult, leading players such as Manuel Santana, Jan Kodeš, Manuel Orantes, Ilie Năstase (who only came once, when 35 years old) and Björn Borg came rarely or not at all.

Inside Rod Laver Arena prior to an evening session in 2007

Beginning in 1969, when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane, the tournament was open to all players, including professionals who were not allowed to play the traditional circuit.[13] Nevertheless, except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments, many of the best players missed this championship until 1982, because of the remoteness, the inconvenient dates (around Christmas and New Year's Day) and the low prize money. In 1970, George MacCall's National Tennis League, which employed Rod Laver, Ken Rosewall, Andrés Gimeno, Pancho Gonzales, Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle, prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient. The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe.[14]

In 1983, Ivan Lendl, John McEnroe and Mats Wilander entered the tournament. Wilander won the singles title[15] and both his Davis Cup singles rubbers in the Swedish loss to Australia at Kooyong shortly after.[16] Following the 1983 Australian Open, the International Tennis Federation prompted the Lawn Tennis Association of Australia to change the site of the tournament, because the Kooyong stadium was then inappropriate to serve such a big event. In 1988 the tournament was first held at Flinders Park (later renamed Melbourne Park).[17] The change of the venue also led to a change of the court surface from grass to a hard court surface known as Rebound Ace.[18] Mats Wilander was the only player to win the tournament on both grass and hard courts. In 2008, after being used for 20 years, the Rebound Ace was replaced by a cushioned, medium-paced,[19] acrylic surface known as Plexicushion Prestige. Roger Federer and Serena Williams are the only players to win the Australian Open on both Rebound Ace and Plexicushion Prestige. The main benefits of the new surface are better consistency and less retention of heat because of a thinner top layer.[18] This change was accompanied by changes in the surfaces of all lead-up tournaments to the Australian Open. The change was controversial because of the new surface's similarity to DecoTurf, the surface used by the US Open.[20]

Rafael Nadal vs Philipp Kohlschreiber at the 2010 Australian Open

Before the Melbourne Park stadium era, tournament dates fluctuated as well, in particular in the early years because of the climate of each site or exceptional events. For example, the 1919 tournament was held in January 1920 (the 1920 tournament was played in March) and the 1923 tournament in Brisbane took place in August when the weather was not too hot and wet. After a first 1977 tournament was held in December 1976 – January 1977, the organisers chose to move the next tournament forward a few days, then a second 1977 tournament was played (ended on 31 December), but this failed to attract the best players. From 1982 to 1985, the tournament was played in mid-December. Then it was decided to move the next tournament to mid-January (January 1987), which meant there was no tournament in 1986. Since 1987, the Australian Open date has not changed. However, some top players, including Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, have said that the tournament is held too soon after the Christmas and New Year holidays, thus preventing players from reaching their best form, and expressed a desire to shift it to February.[21] Such a change, however, would move the tournament outside the summer school holiday period, potentially impacting attendance figures.

In 2008 New South Wales authorities made clear their desire to bid for hosting rights to the tournament once Melbourne's contract expired in 2016.[22] The proposal met a scathing response from Wayne Kayler-Thomson, the head of the Victorian Events Industry Council, who labelled it "disappointing that NSW cannot be original and seek their own events instead of trying to cannibalise other Australian cities."[23] The prospect of moving the tournament is unlikely as over the following years the Melbourne Park precinct was upgraded with enhanced facilities for players and spectators. Notably a retractable roof was placed over Margaret Court Arena, making the Open the first of the four Grand Slams to have retractable roofs available on three of their show courts.[24] The player and administrative facilities, as well as access points for spectators, were improved and the tournament site expanded its footprint out of Melbourne Park into nearby Birrarung Marr.[25] A fourth major show court, seating 5,000 people is expected to be completed in the coming years.[26]

In December 2018, tournament organisers announced the Australian Open would follow the examples set by Wimbledon and the US Open and introduce tie-breaks in the final sets of men's and women's singles matches. Unlike Wimbledon and the US Open, which initiate conventional tie-breaks at 12-12 games and 6-6 games respectively, the Australian Open utilises a first to 10 points breaker at 6 games all.[27]

In 2019, the tournament organisers decided to replace the official court manufacturer for GreenSet retaining the iconic blue cushioned acrylic hardcourt. Its use started in 2020.[28]

Television coverage

From 1973 to 2018, the Seven Network served as the host broadcaster of the Australian Open. In March 2018, it was announced that the Nine Network had acquired the rights to the tournament beginning in 2020, for a period of five years. The network later bought the rights for the 2019 tournament as well.[29] The Open's broadcast rights are lucrative in the country, as it occurs near the end of the Summer non-ratings season — which gives its broadcaster opportunities to promote their upcoming programming lineup.[30][31]

In Europe the tournament is broadcast on Eurosport. Other broadcasters in the region have included the BBC in the United Kingdom, SRG in Switzerland, NOS in Netherlands and RTS in Serbia. In the United Kingdom, the BBC dropped its live coverage of the 2016 tournament just a month before the start due to budget cuts, leaving Eurosport as the exclusive live broadcaster.

Elsewhere, beIN Sports broadcasts it into the Middle East and Northern Africa, and SuperSport in Sub-Sahara Africa. In the United States, the tournament is broadcast on ESPN2, ESPN3 and the Tennis Channel.[32] The championship matches are televised live on ESPN. While it is broadcast on ESPN International in Central and Latin America. It is broadcast on TSN in Canada.

In Asia-Pacific region, the tournament is broadcast on five television networks in China, including national broadcaster CCTV, provincial networks Beijing TV, Shanghai TV and Guangdong TV and English language Star Sports, as well as online on IQIYI Sports. Elsewhere in the region, it is broadcast in Japan by national broadcaster NHK, and pay-TV network WOWOW. In the Indian Sub-continent, Sony Six has broadcast since 2015 and, in the rest of Asia, it is broadcast on Fox Sports Asia through to 2021.[33]

Panorama of Rod Laver Arena during the 2020 Australian Open

The prize money awarded in the men's and women's singles tournaments is distributed equally. The total prize money for the 2020 tournament is AUD $71,000,000.[66] The prize money distribution is as follows:

_{* per team}

Note: All amounts in Australian dollars. (The winner's prize money approximates to GBP £2,237,000; EUR €2,586,000; USD $2,953,000.)

The names of the tournament winners are inscribed on the perpetual trophy cups.

• The women's singles winner is presented with the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup.
• The men's singles winner is presented with the Norman Brookes Challenge Cup.

Ranking points for the men (ATP) and women (WTA) have varied at the Australian Open through the years but presently players receive the following points:

The Australian Open is played at Melbourne Park, which is located in the Melbourne Sports and Entertainment Precinct; the event moved to this site in 1988. Currently three of the courts have retractable roofs, allowing play to continue during rain and extreme heat. As of 2017, spectators can also observe play at Show Courts 2 and 3, which have capacities of 3,000 each,[67] as well as at Courts 7–15, 19 and 20 from small accessible viewing positions.[68]

Construction of a new 5,000 seat capacity stadium will start in 2019 as part of a $271 million redevelopment of the precinct.[69]

Since 2008, all of the courts used during the Australian Open are hard courts with Plexicushion acrylic surfaces (though Melbourne Park does have 8 clay courts not used for the tournament). This replaced the Rebound Ace surface used from the opening of Melbourne Park. The ITF rates the surface's speed as medium.[70]

Court	Image	Opened	Capacity	Arena Roof	Ref.
Rod Laver Arena		1988	14,820	Retractable	[71]
Melbourne Arena (Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue)		2000	10,500	Retractable	[72]
Margaret Court Arena (Formerly Show Court 1)		1988	7,500	Retractable	[73]

Unlike the other three Grand Slam tournaments, which became open in 1968, the Australian tournament opened to professionals in 1969. Thus, the records here break at the 1969 tournament. Citations for these records.[74]

Record	Open Era*	Player(s)	Count	Years
Men since 1905
Winner of most Men's Singles titles	Before 1969:	Roy Emerson	6	1961, 1963–1967
	After 1968:	Novak Djokovic	8	2008, 2011–2013, 2015–2016, 2019–2020
Winner of most consecutive Men's Singles titles	Before 1969:	Roy Emerson	5	1963–1967
	After 1968:	Novak Djokovic	3	2011–2013
Winner of most Men's Doubles titles	Before 1969:	Adrian Quist	10	1936–1940, 1946–1950
	After 1968:	Bob Bryan Mike Bryan	6	2006–2007, 2009–2011, 2013
Winner of most consecutive Men's Doubles titles	Before 1969:	Adrian Quist	10	1936–1940, 1946–1950[75]
	After 1968:	Bob Bryan Mike Bryan	3	2009–2011
Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles - Men	Before 1969:	Harry Hopman Colin Long	4	1930, 1936–1937, 1939 1940, 1946–1948
	After 1968:	Jim Pugh Leander Paes Daniel Nestor	3	1988–1990 2003, 2010, 2015 2007, 2011, 2014
Winner of most Championships (total: singles, men's doubles, mixed doubles) – Men	Before 1969:	Adrian Quist	13	1936–1950 (3 singles, 10 men's doubles, 0 mixed doubles)
	After 1968:	Novak Djokovic	8	2008–2020 (8 men's singles)
Women since 1922
Winner of most Women's Singles titles	In Total:	Margaret Court	11	1960–1966, 1969–1971, 1973
	Before 1969:	Margaret Court	7	1960–1966
	After 1968:	Serena Williams	7	2003, 2005, 2007, 2009–2010, 2015, 2017
Winner of most consecutive Women's Singles titles
	Before 1969:	Margaret Court	7	1960–1966
	After 1968:	Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong Cawley Steffi Graf / Monica Seles Martina Hingis	3	1969–1971 1974–1976 1988–1990 1991–1993 1997–1999
Winner of most Women's Doubles titles
	Before 1969:	Thelma Coyne Long	12	1936–1940, 1947–1949, 1951–1952, 1956, 1958
	After 1968:	Martina Navratilova	8	1980, 1982–1985, 1987–1989
Winner of most consecutive Women's Doubles titles
	Before 1969:	Thelma Coyne Long Nancye Wynne Bolton	5	1936–1940
	After 1968:	Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver	7	1982–1985, 1987–1989
Winner of most Mixed Doubles titles - Women	Before 1969:	Daphne Akhurst Cozens Nell Hall Hopman Nancye Wynne Bolton Thelma Coyne Long	4	1924–1925, 1928–1929 1930, 1936–1937, 1939 1940, 1946–1948 1951–1952, 1954–1955
	After 1968:	Jana Novotná Larisa Savchenko Neiland Martina Hingis Barbora Krejčíková	2	1988–1989 1994, 1996 2006, 2015 2019, 2020
Winner of most Championships (total: singles, women's doubles, mixed doubles) – Women	Before 1969:	Nancye Wynne Bolton	20	1936–1952 (6 singles, 10 women's doubles, 4 mixed doubles)
	After 1968:	Martina Navratilova	12	1980–2003 (3 singles, 8 women's doubles, 1 mixed doubles)
Miscellaneous
Youngest winner	Men's singles:	Ken Rosewall	18 years and 2 months (1953)
	Men's doubles:	Lew Hoad	18 years and 2 months (1953)
	Women's singles:	Martina Hingis	16 years and 4 months (1997)
	Women's doubles:	Mirjana Lučić	15 years and 10 months (1998)
Oldest winner	Men's singles:	Ken Rosewall	37 years and 2 months (1972)
	Men's doubles:	Norman Brookes	46 years and 2 months (1924)
	Women's singles:	Thelma Coyne Long	35 years and 8 months (1954)
	Women's doubles:	Thelma Coyne Long	37 years and 7 months (1956)
	Mixed doubles (men):	Horace Rice	52 years (1923)
	Mixed doubles (women):	Martina Navratilova	46 years and 3 months (2003)

• Australian Open extreme heat policy
• Australian Open series

• Official website
• Official website (2017)
• Tennis Australia website
• Australian Open – All winners and runners-up. Reference book