Asian American women in World War II

The Women’s Army Corps initially began accepting women to serve in various roles in February and November 1943.[1] Up until then, Asian American women’s participation in the war was rather nonexistent. The war proved to be a drastic turning point when it came to women’s involvement—as opposed to conforming to traditional roles as housekeepers and maids, Japanese women engaged in more proactive roles. Nisei women generally worked alongside women of other races due to the limited number of Japanese American women, compared to men who were largely segregated and placed in various Japanese American units, such as the 442nd Regimental Combat Team.[1]

Women's roles consisted of interpreting and translating retrieved documents, with some women even serving in the Army Air Force as photo interpreters, weather forecasters, and air traffic controllers.[2] Filipino women were tasked with the arduous role of assisting American forces during the 3-year period of Japanese occupation. These women worked furtively in helping American prisoners of war through smuggling in food and medicine, as well as retrieving information on Japanese military operations.[2]

Many Nisei and other Asian American women that served during the war did so to express devotion and loyalty to the United States but, more likely, because they wanted the war to end. For many of the women, who had loved ones that were enlisted or families that were already placed in Japanese American internment camps, serving could signal the end of the grim war. Serving also meant being able to travel for these women, as well as gaining education and job training that would be provided by the military.[1] While the military expected around 500 Nisei women to volunteer during the war, actual numbers ranged between 100-200—far fewer than the anticipated amount. This meant that many women were tasked with multiple responsibilities to accommodate for the lack of numbers. The portrayal of Nisei women volunteering during the war was also frequently sexualized; wartime has commonly been male-dominated, so having young women fulfill various duties was uncommon and promoted a sense of promiscuity within the military.[1] These women were also, traditionally, expected to embrace their femininity and adhere to conventional roles, such as doing clerical work. Because of this, many pictures portray Nisei women as brandishing red lipstick and wearing short skirts as part of their military attire—they were expected to act professionally, yet conform to an image that was highly sexualized. Nonetheless, these women transcended cultural and societal expectations and undertook roles as translators, clerics, linguists, and a plethora of others during the war.

Women who expressed interest in joining the WAC during the war were often shunned by family members, who viewed doing so as contradicting traditional societal roles. Japanese women were expected to put their families first and adhere to contemporary roles—joining the military was far too often seen as disgraceful, and only for women who had committed questionable acts.[3] The women who dared to challenge traditional societal roles, however, prevailed against the overwhelming sexism that existed in facets of everyday life and made enduring contributions during the war. After entering the WAC, Nisei women went through five weeks of basic training at various training centers—most of them went to Fort Des Moines, Iowa, or Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. They abided by stringent schedules alongside their classes, such as kitchen patrol or trash collection and mandatory cleanliness of barracks.

The women also had to get accustomed to other aspects of American life, such as waiting in lines for meals which were often served in large portions and high in carbohydrates.[3] Despite these, though, Nisei women joined the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) as translators and interrogators and attended a rigorous six-month study course designed to educate women on the Japanese military language.[3] While the women were naturally expected to know the language, this proved to be otherwise—they were placed in one of three proficiency levels and, throughout the six-month course, tested on their aptitude and ability to transcribe military documents before graduating. Upon graduation, most of the women were assigned to the Pacific Military Intelligence Research Section at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, and worked with Japanese documents to uncover military plans. Following the war, 11 Japanese American WAC’s were relocated to Tokyo under General Douglas MacArthur’s command and worked to rebuild strained relations with war-torn Japan. Other women, however, simply returned to Japan and held positions as civil servants often doing clerical work or serving as typists and translators. Nevertheless, Nisei women left an indelible mark on the war through their different roles—some even went on to become high-ranking lieutenants overseas. While often undepicted in the context of war, these women performed various tasks bravely; if not for them, traditional attitudes and roles of Japanese American women may not have been altered as drastically.