Asia Pulp & Paper

Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) is an Indonesian pulp and paper company based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is one of the largest pulp and paper companies in the world.[1] It was founded by Eka Tjipta Widjaja. With 14 major companies in Indonesia and China, APP has a current annual combined pulp, paper, and packaging-grade capacity of more than 20 million tons per year, and markets its products to more than 150 countries across six continents.[2][3]

Asia Pulp & Paper
Private
IndustryPulp and paper
FounderEka Tjipta Widjaja, Singgih Wahab Kwik (Kowik)
Headquarters
Indonesia 
Area served
Worldwide
ProductsPackaging, paper, tissue
Revenue Rp 36.85 trillion (2016)
Rp 2.74 trillion (2016)
Total assets Rp 93.2 trillion (2016)
Total equity Rp 38.2 trillion (2016)
ParentSinar Mas Group
Websitewww.asiapulppaper.com

History

Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) has its roots in 1972, when Eka Tjipta Widjaja founded a small caustic soda manufacturer called Tjiwi Kimia. In 1978, Tjiwi Kimia commenced paper production of 12,000 tons per year. In December 1976, Indah Kiat was formed as a joint venture between CV Berkat (an Indonesian company), Chung Hwa Pulp Corporation, and Yuen Foong Yu Paper Manufacturing Company Ltd. from Taiwan. In April 1979, Indah Kiat Tangerang mill's Paper Machine 1 and 2 started with a production of 100 tons per day of wood free paper. By March 1984, Indah Kiat Perawang mill's Pulp Machine 1 started producing bleached hardwood kraft pulp with an initial capacity of 250 tons per day.

In 1991, Tjiwi Kimia's PM 9 started operation with an annual capacity of 207,000 tons.

The following year, Indah Kiat acquired PT Sinar Dunia Makmur, a manufacturer of industrial paper located in Serang with a production capacity of 900 tons per day.

Tjiwi Kimia commissioned the Carbonless Paper Plant (CPP) in March 1993 as an experiment.

Pindo Deli, a paper company affiliated with APP, was under the control of CPP in February 1994, and by 1997 its paper machines No. 8 and No. 9 began operating with a production capacity of 240,000 tons per year. In 1998, paper machine No. 11 started tissue production with an annual production capacity of 400,000 tons.

APP-China began investing in China in 1992, with an emphasis on the Yangtze and Pearl River Deltas. APP-China's pulp and paper mills now include Ningbo Zhonghua, Goldeast Paper, Ningbo Asia, Gold Huasheng, Gold Hongye, Hainan Jinhai Pulp and Paper, and Guangxi Jingui Pulp & Paper.[4]

APP-China was registered in Singapore in October 1994. APP-China employs over 37,000 people and created 5,000 new jobs in 2009.[5]

In June 2016, Asia Pulp and Paper contributed to an effort concerning "the conservation and promotion of primary forests and the protection of their biodiversity", which was discussed at a declaration in Milan, Italy with the Green Green management institute.[6]

Asia Pulp and Paper has a close relationship with China Development Bank (CDB) which has been a crucial backer for their modern operations. They provided funding for a recent pulp mill expansion in Indonesia.[7]

Indah Kiat Perawang

Indah Kiat Perawang is APP's largest pulp mill in Indonesia. Its pulp is sold to APP paper mills in Indonesia and China. Indah Kiat Perawang increased its pulp production from approximately 2 million tonnes in 2009 to an estimated 2.3 million in 2010–2011. The mill has been cited by Greenpeace as significantly harming the survival prospects of endangered Ramin trees and Sumatran Tigers;[8] however, the accusation was denied by the Ministry of Forestry who did an investigation regarding the report.[9]

Sustainability Roadmap

Sustainability Roadmap Vision 2020

On June 5, 2012, APP announced its Sustainability Roadmap Vision 2020 plan, in which the company pledged to be wholly reliant on raw materials from plantations and that all its suppliers must operate by High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) standards by 2015 following independent audits.[10][11][12] This program led to:

  • 14 November 2012: All nine of APP's Indonesian mills had received SVLK timber legality certification, which is the Indonesian Timber Legality Assurance System, designed to ensure the mills only receive and process timber from legal sources, and that all products exported from the country are traceable to verifiable points of origin. APP was then authorized by the European Commission to import fiber products.[13]
  • 5 February 2013: Immediate halt of natural forest clearance across its entire supply chain.[14][15][16]
  • Partnership with the non-profit organisation The Forest Trust, which is assisting the company with High Conservation Value (HCV) and High Carbon Stock (HCS) assessments to identify forested areas for protection.[17] TFT worked with APP and Greenpeace to design APP's Forest Conservation Policy and will be monitoring and reporting on APP's progress towards achieving its commitments. In addition, APP's policy specifically welcomes third party observers to verify the implementation – a first for APP and the industry.[18]
  • 5 June 2013: Absolute deadline of 31 August 2013 for all-natural forest wood felled before 1 February 2013 to be accepted at its pulp mills.[19][20] APP also launched a pilot online monitoring dashboard, which provides access to updated technical information.[21]
  • 5 February 2014: Forest Conservation Policy (FCP) Anniversary Report with a call for NGOs, governments, and businesses to work together to help tackle deforestation in Indonesia.[22][23] From the study's Executive Summary:

    On February 5, 2013, Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) announced: “an end to the clearing of natural forest across its entire supply chain in Indonesia, with immediate effect.” The group’s “no deforestation” pledge and other sustainability commitments appeared to mark a sharp change from APP’s practices over the preceding three decades. Since developing two large pulp mills in Sumatra in the mid-1990s (its first pulp mill began operation in the 1980s, though at a lower capacity), Indonesia’s leading pulp and paper producer and its affiliates had relied heavily on “mixed tropical hardwoods” (MTH) sourced from clearance of natural forests. …Five months after making these sustainability commitments, APP announced in July 2013 it is building a third, mega-scale pulp mill in Indonesia, financed by $2.5 billion in loans from China’s state-owned banks.[24]

  • September 2014: Asia Pulp & Paper signed the New York Declaration on Forests, joining a number of companies, governments, and NGOs in a pledge to slowing, halting, and reversing global forest loss while improving economic growth, climate, and biodiversity in affected areas.[25]
  • 8 June 2015: APP received PEFC certification[26]
  • December 2017: APP was recognized by Villages, Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration Minister Eko Putro Sandjojo for its corporate social responsibility program called "Desa Makmur Peduli Api" (DMPA), which aims to provide alternative livelihood sources to the communities living in and around the forest in order to improve welfare and reduce dependence on forest land.[27]

NGO and activist criticism

Various NGOs have criticized APP on environmental grounds, resulting in APP announcing its zero deforestation plan and launching a Forest Conservation Policy to restore and support one million hectares of Indonesian Rainforest.[28] Greenpeace, Rainforest Action Network and other NGOs expressed cautious optimism and welcomed the company's Forest Conservation Policy.[29] Greenpeace also agreed to halt its global campaign against APP and open discussions to ensure that the company properly implements its policy.[30]

In 2003, APP signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the World Wildlife Fund, but this ended six months later after WWF refused to approve the environmental management plan.[31]

APP entered into a five-year partnership with Rainforest Alliance in 2005. This partnership was supposed to allow Rainforest Alliance to identify and monitor high conservation value forests within four concessions managed by APP in Pulau Muda, Serapung, Siak, and Bukit Batu, and provide independent "verification statements" to attest to the scope and results of the company's efforts to protect these high conservation value areas. Rainforest Alliance made several requests for changes in the management of these areas in the first year of the contract and found that the situation had deteriorated by late 2006 and some areas had been cleared; Rainforest Alliance terminated the agreement in February 2007, stating, "The company has not demonstrated a comprehensive, consistent or dedicated approach toward conservation management necessary to maintain or enhance the forest ecosystems fundamental to the survival of the High Conservation Value Forests present there."[32]

In February 2014, the Rainforest Alliance announced it would evaluate the progress of APP's forest conservation policy and commitments, including its pledge to stop clearing natural forests across its supply chains in Indonesia. Upon re-engaging with APP, Richard Donovan, the organization's Vice President of Forestry said: "There is strong commitment at the highest levels of the organization, and also welcomed by Greenpeace, which signals that APP is serious this time around."[33][34][35]

In November 2007, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) formally disassociated itself with APP, rescinding the rights of APP to use its logo. On the termination of all ties with the FSC in 2007, a spokesman for WWF commented, "Apparently the company has decided to run a global propaganda campaign rather than protect forests with high conservation values.[36] "

In March 2008, an investigation by an environmental coalition called Eyes on the Forest[37] showed evidence of a new road built by APP, heading through the Kampar peninsula, one of the world's largest contiguous tropical peat swamp forests, with more carbon per hectare than any other ecosystem on Earth. The investigation found tracks on the new road of the critically endangered Sumatran tiger, whose wild population has been reduced to less than 500 individuals. APP claimed that it was building this state-of-the-art, paved highway for the benefit of the local communities, though satellite imagery shows that the road does not go anywhere near the two settlements. The authors of the report stated, "We strongly urge APP to join the ranks of responsible businesses and conduct its operations within the law."[38] Since 2016, NGOs have raised their concern of the new 3 million tons capacity PT OKI mill that APP planned to build in South Sumatra, highlighting the risk of growing demand for fiber becoming an obstacle to a proper zero deforestation policy implementation. In response, APP insisted to have enough long-term fiber supply for the pulp production increase by referencing an assessment report that the company refused to share with NGOs and the public. [39]

Southeast Asian peat forest fires

In September 2015, the Singaporean National Environment Agency (NEA), under the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act, named APP as its biggest target in the fight against illegal forest fires, which were alleged to have caused the 2015 Southeast Asian Haze.[40] APP later received the Singapore Environment Council’s (SEC) enhanced Green Label certification, heralding the return of its products to Singapore shelves.[41]

On December 20, 2017, Associated Press reporter Stephen Wright revealed exclusive news that Asia Pulp & Paper has extensive behind-the-scenes ties and significant influence over wood suppliers linked to fires and deforestation that have degraded Indonesia's natural environment.[42] Soon after the report, ten international NGOs, including Wetlands International, Rainforest Action Network, and World Wide Fund for Nature, released a joint statement that APP did not make enough progress as they promised in their Forest Conservation Policy right before APP released the fifth-anniversary report on February 5, 2018. [43]

On May 17, 2018, Greenpeace International ended all engagement with Asia Pulp & Paper because according to their research APP destroyed around 8000 acres of virgin forests in Indonesia. [44]

On May 30, 2018, Auriga, an environmental organization, reported PT Bumi Mekar Hijau and PT Sebangun Bumi Andalas Wood Industries, which APP claimed are “independently owned and operated,” actually have apparent close links with the Sinar Mas Group, APP's parent conglomerate on their corporate registry documents.[45] On June 5, 2018, Mongabay also reported: "One of the world’s biggest paper producers continues to deny that it secretly owns most of the companies supplying it with wood, despite mounting evidence to the contrary."[46] On July 10, 2018, Mongabay interviewed two of APP's ex-employees and they said APP management used their names for a secret company in Borneo.[47]

On August 16, 2018, Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) decided to suspend the process of re-associating with Asia Pulp & Paper. [48] [49]

Greenpeace campaigns

Mattel

On 8 June 2011, Greenpeace launched "Barbie, It's Over", an international campaign criticising Mattel's use of Asia Pulp & Paper products in its packaging, particularly in its line of Barbie products.[50] Within two days of the campaign's start, Mattel ordered its packaging suppliers to stop buying from Asia Pulp & Paper pending an investigation into Greenpeace's deforestation allegations and further ordered its suppliers to report on how they source materials. Asia Pulp & Paper welcomed Mattel's response, believing that Mattel's investigation would conclude that its "packaging materials are more than 95% recycled paper sourced from around the world."[51]

On 5 October 2011, Phil Radford of Greenpeace announced that Mattel stated[52] that it would no longer purchase pulp and paper products from Asia Pulp & Paper due to the effects that its logging practices had on the Sumatran tiger population.[53] Greenpeace has been working together with APP from 2013 to the present.[33]

Sumatran tiger incident

To help conserve the critically endangered Sumatran tiger, APP has created a 106,000-hectare sanctuary, Senepis Buluhala Tiger Sanctuary from four companies logging concessions. The sanctuary is surrounded and protected by production forests, where workers are continually on guard for illegal logging and wildfires that threaten the endangered Sumatran tigers' habitat.[54]

During late July 2011, Greenpeace published images and footage on their website[55] that showed a Sumatran tiger that had become trapped by an animal snare at the edge of an APP concession. The tiger is reported to have been there for at least seven days, without food or water. Attempts to tranquilize and rescue the tiger failed due to its poor condition of health. APP stated that the trap was set by local villagers and was intended to target small mammals.[56]

In February 2012, WWF listed US toilet papers that may have a direct impact on the 400 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.[57]

Ramin logging

Ramin trees (Gonystylus) are legally protected under Indonesia's laws and its national CITES regulations. Sumatra's peat swamp forests are a key ramin habitat.[8] In 2012, Greenpeace did an exposé video on APP's illegal logging practices. In the video, they show logs from ramin trees sitting in an APP pulp yard.[58]

According to Greenpeace in March 2012, APP's main pulp mill in Indonesia (Indah Kiat Perawang) mixes illegal ramin logs regularly with other rainforest species in its pulpwood supply. APP denied the allegations, stating "APP is grateful to Greenpeace for bringing this report to our attention. We take very seriously any evidence of violation of the regulations concerning the protection of endangered tree species…APP maintains a strict zero-tolerance policy for illegal wood entering the supply chain and has comprehensive chain of custody (CoC) systems to ensure that only legal wood enters its pulp mill operations." [59] Since Indonesia banned the logging and trade of ramin in 2001, more than one-quarter of this ramin habitat has been cleared – much of this from areas currently supplying APP. Government maps show that 800,000 hectares (28%) of Sumatra's peat swamp forests were cleared between 2003 and 2009. In 2003, 80% of Sumatra's peat swamp forests, a key ramin habitat, were also identified as a critical habitat for the survival of Sumatran tigers.[8]

Operational criticism

In 2004, Zhejiang Hotels Association announced that it would no longer purchase APP products because of the firm's illegal logging activities in Yunnan province, leading APP to threaten to sue.[60] The suit was later dropped because of a major publicity campaign by Greenpeace China.[61]

In 2005, APP was also found to be conducting illegal logging in Yunnan Province in China,[62] while a subsidiary of the firm called "Green Rich" was caught illegally logging in Cambodia.

According to Asia Times Online, APP's business model is a tactically aggressive one: it turns huge profits by quickly stripping forests bare, exploiting age-old forests and indigenous peoples, and leaving town before the environmental consequences are felt.[63] The authors of the report stated, "We strongly urge APP to join the ranks of responsible businesses and conduct its operations within the law."[38]

In May 2019, The Earthworm Foundation reviewed APP’s progress against its Forest Conservation Policy. The report states, “Work remains to be done for APP to continue to implement its sustainability and Forest Conservation Policy (FCP) commitments. At that time, Earthworm saw collaboration and continued dialogue as the best approach to assist the company in realising its vision. On the basis of the progress captured in this report, we remain firm in our belief that the company is committed to making progress, and we will continue collaborating to bring about the agreed changes.”[64]

In January 2008, the office retailer Staples ended their 11-year relationship with APP, which had formerly supplied between 5 and 9% of the paper sold at the chain "due to their clear lack of progress in improving their environmental performance."[65] Other companies including Office Depot and Wal-Mart had cut ties previously on environmental grounds,[66] and these have been followed more recently by Australian retailer Woolworths Limited.[67]

In 2010, APP hired the public relations firm Greenspirit Strategies, run by former Greenpeace activist Patrick Moore, to boost their image. Moore, in turn, authored a report that describes APP as not responsible for deforestation but that it is caused mostly by locals "illegally encroaching on forests in search of better livelihoods. By employing Indonesian people, APP is reducing deforestation, as more employment means less poverty, which means less pressure to move into the forest.” The Guardian reported that Moore plagiarized large sections of the report from an APP public relations brochure. [68]

In 2011, when asked if he believes APP is sincere in reforming its logging practices, Dorjee Sun, CEO of Carbon Conservation, stated that: "Change in large organizations always takes time, so our goal by 2020 is to build sustainability practices, targets and a roadmap with accountable milestones which will result in true sustainability throughout the entire corporation." [69]

APP continues construction and logging in Sumatra's Kampar peninsula. In February 2013, APP committed to improving forest conservation, which it dubbed its Forest Conservation Policy. However, from 2013 to the present, APP also planned and/or implemented several major expansions to increase production capacity. Because overcapacity has been linked to negative environmental and social impacts, APP partners raised concerns that the commitments outlined in the Forest Conservation Policy could not be met.[70][71]

In response to these concerns, APP commissioned an independent study to analyze whether it would be able to meet its commitments. According to APP, the September 2014 unpublished results from The Growth & Yield – Wood Supply Study "confirmed that Asia Pulp and Paper Group (APP) has sufficient plantation resources to meet the pulp requirements of its existing mills as well as its future mill in OKI, South Sumatra.” However, since the results were never published it is not possible to verify the results of the study, nor can the claim of independence be verified.[72]

A 2016 study "by twelve international and Indonesian NGOs shows that in spite of its high-profile sustainability commitments, Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) is building one of the world's largest pulp mills in the Indonesian province of South Sumatra without a sustainable wood supply."[70]

"In March 2014, the former governor of Indonesia's Riau province was sentenced to 14 years in prison and ordered to pay almost USD90,000 in fines for illegally issuing logging permits to APP subsidiaries. In addition, three wood suppliers of APP are among 14 companies which the Ministry of Environment has under examination for possible liability suits over environmental damages."[70] With high-profile criminal cases linked to the corporation, concerns remain about APP and its conduct in relation to environmental and social issues, including the prevention of "catastrophic fires in the [South Sumatran] region"[71] and "severe land subsidence, [and] increasing flooding".[73]

Controversies

In 1994, the company moved its headquarters from Indonesia to Singapore and began to borrow money to expand aggressively. It was soon heavily leveraged; from 1996 to 1998, it only produced 1.5 times as much cash flow as its interest costs.[74]

In March 2001, during the Asian Debt Crises, APP declared a moratorium on U.S.$13.9 billion in debt, resulting in one of the largest debt defaults in the Asian market.[75][76] Most of the debt was subsequently rescheduled at lower values.[77] In November 2003, Jakarta-based subsidiary Indah Kiat sued the underwriter and holders of an issue of debt (in United States dollars) it had issued in 1994 under New York law; it sued, however, in Indonesia, and in February 2007 the Indonesian court declared the debt invalid.[78]

The resulting bankruptcy in what was the biggest missed bond obligation by an Asian company to date. Bloomberg later commented that the affair was, “A cautionary tale of greed, blind optimism, and the East-West divide.”[79]

In 2001, APP was the subject of a probe by the Commercial Affairs Department (CAD) in Singapore, after creditors and investors cried foul when APP defaulted on the US$13.9 billion of debt earlier that year. But the case, along with a parallel probe by the CAD into APP's sister company, Asia Food and Properties, was closed two years later without any disclosure as to why the firms were investigated.[80]

In November 2003, Jakarta-based subsidiary Indah Kiat sued the underwriter and holders of an issue of debt (in United States dollars) it had issued in 1994 under New York law; it sued, however, in Indonesia, and in February 2007 the Indonesian court declared the debt invalid.[78]

In 2017 an Associated Press investigation found the company to have consistently reneged on the terms set by itself as part of non-deforestation promises throughout the entire period of the relationship with Greenpeace.[81] The NGO responded by issuing a statement calling on APP customers to cancel their contracts.[82]

The firm today has operations in several countries across Southeast Asia and China, and regularly reports more than a billion US dollars in revenues.[83]

See also

References
  1. "Company Overview of Asia Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd". Retrieved 20 September 2013.
  2. Katz, Steve (14 October 2016). "On The Road To Sustainability With APP". Label and Narrow Web.
  3. "Exports to more than 150 countries, APP Sinar Mas wins Primaniyarta Awards". The Jakarta Post. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  4. APP-China Sustainability Report 2009, APP, Bund Center, Shanghai, China, Nov. 2010.
  5. APP-China Sustainability Report 2009, APP, Bund Center, Shanghai, China, Nov. 2010, p. 7.
  6. "F3 and Indonesia". Paper Industry World. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  7. Wu, Wenyuan. "The Missing Link in China's Economic Ambitions in Latin America". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  8. The Ramin Paper Trail Asia Pulp & Paper Under Investigation – Part 2 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine in short Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Greenpeace 1 March 2012
  9. "Forestry ministry denies app cuts ramin trees". Antara News. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  10. Bellman, Eric (15 May 2012). "Asia Pulp & Paper Tightens Forest-Conservation Efforts". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  11. "Asia Pulp & Paper Pledges 'Sustainable Forest Management'". Environmental Leader. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  12. Gyekye, Liz (8 June 2012). "APP unveils 2020 Sustainability Roadmap". Packaging News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  13. Gyekye, Liz (30 November 2012). "APP receives SVLK timber legality certification for ninth mill". Packaging News. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  14. Butler, Rhett (5 February 2013). "The beginning of the end of deforestation in Indonesia?". Mongabay.
  15. "A new era for APP". The Forest Trust. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
  16. Ho, Yudith (5 February 2013). "Asia Pulp and Paper Halts Clearing in Indonesian Natural Forests". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  17. Taylor, Michael (5 February 2013). "Paper firm says to stop cutting Indonesia's natural forests". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  18. "Logging the good news". The Economist. 25 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  19. Elks, Jennifer (24 June 2013). "Asia Pulp and Paper Reports Latest on No Deforestation Policy in Third 'Vision 2020' Update". Sustainable Brands. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  20. "APP reports 25% annual growth rate once again". Graphics Arts Magazine. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  21. "APP issues progress report on "No Deforestation"". TAPPI. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  22. "APP calls on stakeholders to help protect Indonesia's forests". Packaging News. 5 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  23. "APP calls for further collaboration on deforestation in Indonesia". Output Magazine. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014.
  24. "Will Asia Pulp & Paper default on its "zero deforestation" commitment? An assessment of wood supply and plantation risk for PT OKI Pulp & Paper Mills' mega-scale project in South Sumatra, Indonesia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  25. "UN climate summit pledges to halt the loss of natural forests by 2030". The Guardian. 23 September 2014.
  26. "April, APP Get Forest Certification from PEFC". Indonesian Forestry Certification Cooperation. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  27. "APP Sinar Mas village program gets govt's appreciation". The Jakarta Post. 14 December 2017.
  28. Covington, Phil Covington (12 May 2014). "Asia Pulp and Paper Plans to Restore 1 Million Hectares of Indonesian Forest". Triple Pundit. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  29. Sutherlin, Laurel (5 February 2013). "Rainforest Action Network Responds to Asia Pulp and Paper's New Forest Commitments". Rainforest Action Network. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  30. Maitar, Bustar (5 February 2013). "APP commits to end deforestation!". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  31. Donnan, Shawn (21 February 2006). "/ Home UK / UK – The usefulness of scholarships and tigers". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  32. "Rainforest Alliance Public Statement: Termination of Contract to Verify High Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) for APP in Sumatra, Indonesia, January 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  33. "Rainforest Alliance report 'An Evaluation of Asia Pulp & Paper's Progress to Meet its Forest Conservation Policy (2013)". Greenpeace USA. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  34. "Rainforest Alliance, Peatland Experts to Evaluate APP Progress". Environmental Leader. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  35. "Rainforest Alliance's Upcoming Evaluation of Asia Pulp and Paper Group". Rainforest Alliance. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014.
  36. "FSC rules in upheaval after green groups level accusations at APP | printweek.com | Latest Print Industry News, Jobs, Features, Product Reviews, Used Printing and Packaging Machinery". printweek.com. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  37. "New APP Logging Road Threatens One of World's Biggest Carbon-Storing Forests, Tigers; Eyes on the Forest, March 2008". Eyesontheforest.or.id. 22 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  38. "Logging Road Threatens Rare Peat Dome, Tigers". Sciencedaily.com. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  39. "NGOs raise serious concerns six years into Asia Pulp and Paper's commitment to reforms | WWF". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  40. "Indonesia's biggest paper firm back in the spotlight". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  41. Jye, Ng Ren (29 May 2019). "Asia Pulp & Paper products to be back on Singapore shelves after passing checks". The Business Times. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  42. "AP Exclusive: Pulp giant tied to companies accused of fires". AP News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  43. "Joint NGO statement on the 5th anniversary of Asia Pulp and Paper Forest Conservation Strategy". Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  44. "Greenpeace slams APP/Sinar Mas over links to deforestation, ends all engagement with company - Greenpeace International". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  45. "Removing the corporate mask". Auriga. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  46. "Paper giant denies secretly owning 'independent' suppliers". Mongabay Environmental News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  47. "Revealed: Paper giant's ex-staff say it used their names for secret company in Borneo". Mongabay Environmental News. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  48. International, Forest Stewardship Council® –. "Asia Pulp and Paper (APP)". FSC International. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  49. Eco-Business. "Have APP and APRIL both broken their no-deforestation promises?". Eco-Business. Archived from the original on 18 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  50. Anne, Sarah (7 February 2011). "Greenpeace protests Barbie at Mattel headquarters – BlogPost". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  51. Roosevelt, Margot. "Pressured by Greenpeace, Mattel cuts off sub-supplier APP". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  52. Phil Radford. "A Roaring Thank You on Behalf of the Sumatran Tigers". Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  53. "Victory: Mattel and Barbie Drop Deforestation!". Greenpeace News Blog. 5 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  54. "APP engaged in protecting tigers". The Jakarta Post. 22 February 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  55. Endangered Sumatran tiger dies in trap on APP concession in Indonesia Archived 19 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Greenpeace 25 July 2011
  56. "Asia Pulp Paper Under Fire Following Tiger Death". ProPrint. 26 July 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  57. Don't Flush Tiger Forests Archived 12 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine WWF 8 February 2012
  58. Publication – 1 March 2012 (1 March 2012). "Asia pulp & paper under investigation part two: | Greenpeace Canada". Greenpeace.org. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  59. "APP statement on Greenpeace Ramin report". Scoop Independent News. 1 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  60. "Paper Maker Backs Off from Lawsuit". China Through a Lens. 25 February 2005. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  61. "Victory for public environmental action as APP withdraws lawsuit". Greenpeace East Asia. 22 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  62. peopledaily.com.cn (31 March 2005). "People's Daily Online – Forestry authorities charges Singaporean paper giant with illegal logging". People's Daily. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  63. "Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam". Atimes.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  64. "Earthworm Foundation Update on Asia Pulp & Paper's (APP) progress" (PDF). Earthworm Foundation. 2019.
  65. Bloomberg.com Staples Ends Contracts With Asia Pulp on Environment. 7 February 2008. Staples Ends Contracts With Asia Pulp on Environment (Update1) Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Heather Burke – 7 February 2008 21:52
  66. Wright, Tom (8 February 2008). "Staples Cuts Off Paper Supplier". The Wall Street Journal.
  67. "Woolworths drops contract with APP, activist group remains wary". News.mongabay.com. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  68. "Why is a former Greenpeace activist siding with Indonesia's logging industry?". The Guardian. 2 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  69. "What green thinkers think about green". CNN Money. 6 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  70. "Asia Pulp and Paper – APP Indonesia". BankTrack. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  71. ""Zero deforestation" champion creates new risks for Indonesia's forests and carbon-rich peatlands with mega-scale pulp mill". Eyes on the Forest. 20 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  72. "Independent study shows Asia Pulp and Paper has sufficient plantation for its Zero Deforestation commitment". Asia Pulp and Paper Group. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  73. "A new report on impacts of plantations on the Kampar Peninsula peatland confirms that drained plantations on peatland cannot be sustained". Wetlands International. 11 December 2015. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  74. ""Asia's Worst Deal", Business Week, August 13, 2001". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. 13 August 2001. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  75. Fallon, Robert (Spring 2003). "Asia Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd" (PDF). CHAZEN WEB JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS – via Columbia Business School.
  76. Keith Andrew Bettinger. "A forest falls in Cambodia". Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  77. "Asia Pulp & Paper to Default on $12 Billion in Debt" Bloomberg, 12 March 2001
  78. "Can Indonesian corporates get away without repaying bonds?". Financeasia.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  79. "Asia's Worst Deal". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  80. "Indonesia's biggest paper firm back in the spotlight". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  81. "Greenpeace: Paper giant cut forests during conservation pact".
  82. "Greenpeace breaks up with APP after investigation links paper firm to deforestation". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  83. "Investor Relations". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.