Arbitrary inference

Arbitrary inference is a classic tenet of cognitive therapy created by Aaron T. Beck in 1979.[1] He defines the act of making an arbitrary inference as the process of drawing a conclusion without sufficient evidence, or without any evidence at all. In cases of depression, Beck found that individuals may be more prone to cognitive distortions, and make arbitrary inferences more often. These inferences could be general and or in reference to the effectiveness of their medicine or treatment.[2] Arbitrary inference is one of numerous specific cognitive distortions identified by Beck that can be commonly presented in people with anxiety, depression, and psychological impairments.[3]

Arbitrary inferences tend to derive from emotional disturbances one experienced and gave a distorted meaning. Most of the time that distorted meaning involves blaming the self.[4] In the book Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy a book by David D. Burns, a student of Aaron T. Beck, discusses more in detail the cognitive distortions. Burns explains arbitrary inference or "jumping to conclusions" with two of the most common examples of arbitrary inference "Mind Reading" and "The Fortune Teller Error". When "Mind Reading" in arbitrary inference one will believe other's are thinking negatively about them. When "Mind Reading" one is so convinced others are thinking negatively about them, they do not even bother confirming. This acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy when the person avoids or counterattacks the other person, and as a result creating a tension that would not exist had they not applied the arbitrary inference. In "The Fortune Teller Error" one would imagine something failing or bad happening, and suddenly they are convinced it will happen, despite the irrationality of it. Similarly to "Mind Reading" it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.[5]

According to Beck(1967), a person goes through life with detrimental schemas and pessimistic point of view, they reinforce their harmful thoughts. People's Prior beliefs along tend to reinforce that way of thinking when they focus on information that is in alignment with their belief and disregard equally relevant facts that do not align with their schemas.[6] These schemas that dominate the cognitive processes consist of 1) Feeling inadequate and faulty, 2)Believing all actions and experiences will lead to failure, and 3) The future is discouraging. Overtime, these thought processes become automatic. Without time to reflect on the cognitive process, one believes that their illogical reasoning to their conclusion is valid.[7] Attributing the negative and distorted meaning of an event results in latent schemas that are later activated by events and influence how information from the event is processed.[8] When a person creates an arbitrary inference it intervenes and is seen as effective response to the event.[9]

In a 2003 study attempting to understand cognitive processes like arbitrary inference on depression, researchers compared 42 patients with chronic depression, 27 patients with major depressive disorder (non-chronic), and 24 patients that had never been psychiatrically ill before. The study included the Attributional Style Questionnaire, a ruminative response style questionnaire, the Schema Questionnaire, and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale. While studies showed that both of the depressed groups were significantly elevated in every cognitive measure compared to the control group, the depressed group scored higher in the attributional style.[10]

Cognitive Therapy for Arbitrary Inference Aaron T. Becks approach to helping people with arbitrary inference is to ask them questions about the inference. Beck Leads the people to think about the rationality of the automatic thoughts that happen when one is using arbitrary inference as an explanation to an event.

Examples

One member of a married couple who does not receive a text back from his or her significant other promptly could conclude, "He or she must be cheating", or someone who has been feeling down on a rainy day could conclude, "I have seasonal depression."

See also

References
  1. Dattilo, Frank. "Relationships - ACT". Academy of Cognitive Therapy. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19.
  2. Beck, Aaron T. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press. ISBN 9780898629194.
  3. Engler, Barbara; Pomerantz, Andrew (2005). Personality Theories: An Introduction. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9780618496624.
  4. Beck, Aaron; Greenberg, L. Cognitive Therapy in Treatment of Depression. Boston, MA. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4613-2641-0.
  5. Burns, David D. (1980). Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publisher Inc. p. 36. ISBN 0380731762.
  6. Stanovich, Keith E. (August 2013). "Myside Bias, Rational Thinking, and Intelligence". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 22 (4): 259–265. doi:10.1177/0963721413480174.
  7. Beck, Aaron T.; Alford, Brad A. (2009). Depression Causes and Treatment (Second ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812219647.
  8. Beck, Aaron T.; Greenberg, L. (1984). Cogntitive Therapy in Treatment of Depression. Boston, MA. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4613-2641-0.
  9. Beck, Aaron T. (Fall 1997). "The Past and Future of Cognitive Therapy". The Journal of Psychotherapy. 4: 276–278.
  10. Riso, Lawrence P.; du toit, P. L.; Blandino, Jaime A.; Penna, Suzanne; Dacey; Sean; Duin, Jason S.; Pacoe, Elizabeth M.; Grant, Merida M.; Ulmer, Christi S. (2003). "Cognitive Aspects of Chronic Depression". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 112: 72–80. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.1.72.
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