Abu Hanifa Dinawari

Abū Ḥanīfah Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī (815–896 CE, Persian: ابوحنيفه دينوری‎) was an Iranian Islamic Golden Age polymath, astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian. His ancestry came from the region of Dinawar, in Kermanshah in modern-day western Iran. He was instructed in the two main traditions of the Abbasid-era grammarians of al-Baṣrah and of al-Kūfah. His principal teachers were Ibn al-Sikkīt and his own father.[n 1] He studied grammar, philology, geometry, arithmetic, and astronomy and was known to be a reliable traditionist.[1] His most renowned contribution is Book of Plants, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic botany.[2] Dinawari was said to have been of Persian origin.[3][4][5][6][7] Although he was also said to have been Kurdish[8], or Arab of Persian ancestry.[9][10] He may have studied astronomy in Isfahan..

"Dinawari" redirects here. For other uses, see Dinawari (disambiguation).
Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī
Persian: ابوحنيفه دينوری‎
TitleAl-Dinawari
Personal
Born212–213 A.H /815 CE
Dinawar, Kermanshah, Iran
Died282–283 A.H/ 896 (aged 80–81)
Dinawar, Kermanshah, Iran
ReligionIslam
EthnicityPersian
EraIslamic Golden Age
Main interest(s)botanist, historian, geographer, metallurgy, astronomer and mathematician
OccupationMuslim scholar

Works

The tenth century biographical encyclopedia, "al-Fihrist" of Al-Nadim, lists sixteen book titles by Dinawari:[1]

Mathematics and natural sciences
  1. Kitâb al-kusuf ("Book of Solar Eclipses")[n 2]
  2. Kitāb an-nabāt yufadiluh al-‘ulamā' fī ta’līfih (كتاب النبات يفضله العلماء في تأليفه), ‘Plants, valued by scholars for its composition'
  3. Kitāb Al-Anwā (كتاب الانواء) 'Tempest' (weather)
  4. Kitāb Al-qiblah wa'z-zawāl[n 3] (كتاب القبلة والزوال) "Book of Astral Orientations"
  5. Kitāb ḥisāb ad-dūr (كتاب حساب الدور), "Arithmetic/Calculation of Cycles"
  6. Kitāb ar-rud ‘alā raṣd al-Iṣbhānī (كتاب الردّ على رصدٌ الاصفهانى) Refutation of Lughdah al-Iṣbhānī[n 4]
  7. Kitāb al-baḥth fī ḥusā al-Hind (كتاب البحث في حسا الهند), "Analysis of Indian Arithmetic"
  8. Kitāb al-jam’ wa'l-tafrīq (كتاب الجمع والتفريق); "Book of Arithmetic/Summation and Differentiation"
  9. Kitāb al-jabr wa-l-muqabila (كتاب الجبر والمقابلة), "Algebra and Equation"
  10. Kitāb nuwādr al-jabr (كتاب نوادرالجبر), "Rare Forms of Algebra"

Social sciences and humanities
  1. Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl (كتاب الاخبار الطوال), "General History" [n 5][12]
  2. Kitāb Kabīr (كتاب كبير) "Great Book" [in history of sciences]
  3. Kitāb al-faṣāha (كتاب الفصاحة), "Book of Rhetoric"
  4. Kitāb al-buldān (كتاب البلدان), "Book of Cities (Regions) (Geography)"
  5. Kitāb ash-sh’ir wa-shu’arā’ (كتاب الشعر والشعراء), "Poetry and the Poets"
  6. Kitāb al-Waṣāyā (كتاب الوصايا), Commandments (wills);
  7. Kitāb ma yulahan fīh al’āmma (كتاب ما يلحن فيه العامّة), How the Populace Errs in Speaking;
  8. Islâh al-mantiq ("Improvement of Speech")[n 6]
  9. Ansâb al-Akrâd ("Ancestry of the Kurds").[n 7]

Editions & Translations

His General History (Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal) has been edited and published numerous times (Vladimir Guirgass, 1888; Muhammad Sa'id Rafi'i, 1911; Ignace Krachkovsky, 1912[13]; 'Abd al-Munim 'Amir & Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj 'Ali, 2001), but has not been translated in its entirety into a European language. Jackson Bonner has recently prepared an English translation of the pre-Islamic passages of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal.[14]

Book of Plants

Botany

Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Kitab al-Nabat (Book of Plants), which consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters sin to ya. He describes the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit.[2]

Many of the Muslim early botanical works are lost, such as that of al-Shaybani (d.820), Ibn al-Arabi (d.844), Al-Bahili (d.845) and Ibn as-Sikkit (d.857), however, their works, are extensively quoted in later books by Abu Hanifa Al-Dinawari.

Astronomy and meteorology

Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the applications of Islamic astronomy and meteorology to agriculture. It describes the astronomical and meteorological character of the sky, the planets and constellations, the sun and moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the anwa (heavenly bodies of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes, wells and other sources of water.[2]

Earth sciences

Parts of al-Dinawari's Book of Plants deals with the Earth sciences in the context of agriculture. He considers the Earth, stone and sands, and describes different types of ground, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.[2]

See also

Notes
  1. Flügel translates the al-Fihrist as “son" but the Beatty MS has “father”.
  2. Omitted in al-Fihrist
  3. Al-qiblah the direction faced in prayer; here perhaps with astronomical meaning. Al-zawāl "sunset", perhaps also the sun’s absence. See “Kibla,” Enc. Islam, II, 985–89.
  4. Flügel after Yāqūt, Irshād, VI (1), 127 n.2, has raṣd, “observation" (Astronomical), but in the Beatty MS “Lughdah” is probably correct. Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan al-Iṣbahānī was called "Lughdah".[11]
  5. Dodge has "Legends in the Ṭiwāl Meter". Title omitted in Beatty MS. Ṭiwāl i.e. “long”.
  6. Omitted in al-Fihrist
  7. Omitted in al-Fihrist

References
  1. Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj M. i. Isḥāq (1970). Dodge, Bayard (ed.). Al-Fihrist. New York & London: Columbia University Press. p. 172.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Fahd, Toufic, Botany and agriculture, p. 815, in Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3, Routledge, pp. 813–852, ISBN 978-0-415-12410-2
  3. Nadim (al-) 1970, p. 981, II.
  4. Cahen 2006, p. 198.
  5. Pellat, Charles. "DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD". ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  6. Cahen, Claude (2006). Young, M.J.L.; Latham, J.D.; Serjeant, R.B. (eds.). Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0521028875. Abu Hanlfah al-DInawarl was a Persian of liberal outlook, who took an interest in botany among other sciences.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  7. Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0192562463.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  8. W. Adamec, Ludwig (2009). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Scarecrow Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8108-6161-9.
  9. Encyclopedia of Islam, ed., Th. Houtsma, Brill Academic, 1993 p. 977
  10. B., Lewin. "al-DĪNAWARĪ". Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_1868. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Nadim (al-) 1970, p. 1015, II.
  12. Nadim (al-) 1970, p. 172, I.
  13. Dinawari (al-) (1912). Krachkovsky, Ignace (ed.). Kitāb al-Aḥbār aṭ-Ṭiwāl (in Arabic and French). Leiden: E. J. Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  14. "Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawud ibn Wanand al-Dinawari (A.D. 828–895) – Michael Richard Jackson Bonner". www.mrjb.ca. Retrieved 2013-11-07.

Bibliography
  • Nicholson, Oliver (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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