The Windmills of Your Mind

"The Windmills of Your Mind"
Song by Noel Harrison
from the album The Thomas Crown Affair
Released 1968 (1968)
Composer(s) Michel Legrand
Lyricist(s) Alan and Marilyn Bergman (English)
Eddy Marnay (French)

"The Windmills of Your Mind" is a song with music by French composer Michel Legrand and English lyrics written by Americans Alan and Marilyn Bergman. The French lyrics, under the title "Les Moulins de mon cœur", were written by Eddy Marnay. The song (with the English lyrics) was introduced in the film The Thomas Crown Affair (1968),[1] and won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in the same year.[1] In 2004, "Windmills of Your Mind" was ranked 57 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top songs in American cinema. A cover by Sting was used in the 1999 remake of The Thomas Crown Affair.

Composition/original recording

In the original 1968 film The Thomas Crown Affair, the song is heard – sung by Noel Harrison – during opening credits; and, during the film, in a scene in which the character Thomas Crown flies a glider at the glider airport in Salem, New Hampshire: having edited the rough cut for this scene utilizing the Beatles track "Strawberry Fields Forever" producer/director Norman Jewison commissioned an original song be written for the glider scene which would reference the ambivalent feelings of Thomas Crown as he engages in a favorite pastime while experiencing the tension of preparing to commit a major robbery. Alan Bergman: "Michel [Legrand] played us [ie. Alan and Marilyn Bergman] seven or eight melodies. We listened to all of them and decided to wait until the next day to choose one. We three decided on the same one, a long baroque melody... The lyric we wrote was stream-of-consciousness. We felt that the song had to be a mind trip of some kind" – "The [eventual] title was [originally] a line at the end of a section... When we finished we said: "What do we call this? It's got to have a title. That line is kind of interesting.' So we restructured the song so that the line appeared again at the end. It came out of the body of the song. I think we were thinking, you know when you try to fall asleep at night and you can't turn your brain off and thoughts and memories tumble."[2]

Noel Harrison recorded the song after Andy Williams passed on it: according to Harrison: "It was recorded live on a huge sound stage at Paramount, with the accompanying film clips running on a giant screen and Michel blowing kisses to the orchestra."[3] Harrison took issue with the couplet "Like a tunnel that you follow to a tunnel of its own / Down a hollow to a cavern where the sun has never shone", singing the word "shone" British-style with a short vowel sound making the rhyme with "own" imperfect. Marilyn Bergman: "We said 'No, it's shone [long vowel sound].' And he said 'No, it's our language!' And we said: 'Yes, but it's our song.' So reluctantly, he sang shone [long vowel sound] and our rhyme was intact."[2] However, Harrison evidently had the last laugh; in the finally released version he sings "shone" with a short vowel. Harrison's version had a US single in the US in July 1968 soon after the premiere of the film and similarly was released in the British Isles at the time of the film's 7 February 1969 premiere in the UK and Ireland. As a result, it was a current UK release when "The Windmills of Your Mind" received an Academy Award nomination on 24 February 1969: Harrison's single debuted at #36 in the UK Top 50 dated 4 March 1969 and had risen to #15—abetted by performances by Harrison on the 27 March 1969 broadcast of TOTP and also on variety shows hosted by Rolf Harris and Scott Walker—when the song won the Academy Award on 14 April 1969, an endorsement which facilitated the Top Ten entry of Harrison's single on the UK chart dated 22 April 1969 with its chart peak of #8 effected two weeks later.[4]

"The Windmills of Your Mind" was performed on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969 by José Feliciano; Noel Harrison would recall: "I was invited to sing it at the Academy Awards... but I was making a movie in England at the time, and the producer (who didn't like me) refused to let me go." The film which caused the scheduling conflict has been identified as Take a Girl Like You directed by Jonathan Miller.[3]

Dusty Springfield version

Jerry Wexler, president of Atlantic Records, heard "The Windmills of Your Mind" on the soundtrack of The Thomas Crown Affair and championed having Dusty Springfield record the song for her debut Atlantic album Dusty in Memphis, overcoming the singer's strong resistance; Springfield's friend and subsequent manager Vicki Wickham would allege: "Dusty always said she hated it because she couldn't identify with the words."[5] During the first sessions for the track at American Sound Studio in Memphis, problems with getting the proper chords down arose, and at Springfield's suggestion the song was arranged so the first three verses were sung in a slower tempo than the original film version.

In April 1969 the third A-side release from Dusty in Memphis was announced as "I Don't Want to Hear It Anymore" with "The Windmills of Your Mind" as B-side: however Wexler was prepared to promote "Windmills" as the A-side if it won the Oscar for Best Song, reportedly instructing mail-room clerks at Atlantic Records' New York City headquarters to listen to the Academy Awards broadcast the night of 14 April 1969; hearing "The Windmills" announced as the Best Song winner was these clerks' cue to drive a station wagon loaded with 2500 copies of a double-sided promo single of Springfield's version – identified on the label as "Academy Award Winner" – to the New York City general post office, where the copies of the single were mailed out to key radio stations across the US.[6] Although its Hot 100 debut was not effected until the 5 May 1969 issue of Billboard and then with a #99 ranking, Springfield's "The Windmills" made a rapid ascent to the Top 40 being ranked at #40 on the Hot 100 dated 24 May 1969 only to stall over the subsequent three weeks peaking at #31 on the Hot 100 dated 14 June 1969 with only one additional week of Hot 100 tenure, being ranked at #45 on the 21 June 1969 chart. On the Cash Box chart, the song rose as high as #22.[7] Local hit parades indicate that Springfield's "Windmills" had Top Ten impact in only select larger markets: Boston, Southern California, and Miami. The track did reach #3 on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard a feat matched by Springfield's third subsequent single "Brand New Me" which therefore ties with "The Windmills" as having afforded Springfield her best-ever solo showing on a Billboard chart.[8]

José Feliciano version

"The Windmills of Your Mind" was recorded by José Feliciano for his 1969 album 10 to 23,[9] and Feliciano performed the song on the Academy Awards ceremony broadcast of 14 April 1969; the song's original singer Noel Harrison would later opine of Feliciano's performance: "A wonderful musician and compelling singer, he made much too free with the beautiful melody in my humble opinion. But that's jazz."[3] It was Feliciano's version of "The Windmills" which became a hit in the Netherlands, reaching #11 on the Dutch chart in November 1969.[10] and Nr. 4 in the Turkish hit parade in April 1970.[11]

Other versions

In English

In French: "Les Moulins de mon cœur"

The lyrics for the French-language rendering of "The Windmills of Your Mind" were written by Eddy Marnay and this version, entitled "Les Moulins de mon cœur", was first recorded in 1968 by Marcel Amont who was resultantly afforded a minor French chart hit (peak #49).[91]

"Les Moulins de mon coeur" has subsequently been recorded by:

In other languages

In 1970 Helena Vondráčková, prior to recording "The Windmills of Your Mind" with its original English lyrics for her album Isle of Helena (1972), recorded the song as rendered in Czech: "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít",[114] and also Japanese: "Kaze no sasayaki".[115] Introduced on the album Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové,[114] "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" has become a signature song for Vondráčková: in 2012 when her three CD retrospective (Nejen) o lásce was issued, Vondráčková cited "Můžeš zůstat, můžeš jít" as "the song on the [anthology] dearest to [her] heart".[116] An alternate Czech rendering of "The Windmills of Your Mind": "Mlýnské kolo v srdci mém", was recorded by Hana Hegerová to serve as title cut for her 2010 album of renderings of famous French-language songs.[117]

"The Windmills of Your Mind" has also been rendered as:

  • "Cirkels" (Dutch): recorded by Herman van Veen (1968),[118] Marco Bakker on his album Marco Bakker zingt romantische sfeersongs (1980),[119][120] Hans Dorrestijn with Martin van Dijk for their collaborative album Cirkels (2002).[121]
  • "Samanlainen onni" (Finnish): recorded by Jarkko & Laura (1968), Katri Helena (1970), Kristian on the multi-artist album Trio (1970), Tapio Heinonen on his album Julian Grimau (1971), Petri Salminen on his album Tien päällä (1997), Anneli Sari on her 1999 album Les Chansons, and Marita Taavitsainen on her album Yksi Ainoa Katse (1999).[122]
  • "Vinden I Min Själ" (Swedish): recorded by Lill-Babs on her album Till Mina Vänner (1979),[123] Anders Ekborg on his album Äkta Vara – 11 Sångfilmer 100% Live (2006),[124] Anita Strandell on her album Sommarbaravara (2011).[125]
  • "Wie sich Mühlen dreh'n im Wind" (German): recorded by Vicky Leandros on her album Ich glaub' an Dich (1969),[126] Caterina Valente on her concert album Caterina Valente Live (1969),[127] Katja Ebstein on her album Wunder gibt es immer wieder (1970),[128] Bibi Johns (1970).[129]
  • "I Mulini Dei Ricordi" (Italian): recorded by Enzo Jannacci on his album Come gli aeroplani (2001).
  • "Los molinos de tu espíritu" (Spanish): recorded by German singer Katja Ebstein on her Spanish-language album En Español (1971).[130]

References

  1. 1 2 Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 135. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
  2. 1 2 "Marrying The Image: Alan and Marilyn Bergman". ASCAP.com. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 "The Windmills of Your Mind". TheWindmillsOfYourMind.com. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  4. "The Windmills of Your Mind" – Noel Harrison, 3 April 1969, officialcharts.com
  5. Wickham, Vicki; Valentine, Penny (2000). Dancing with Demons: the authorized biography. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0312282028.
  6. Howes, Paul (2012). The Complete Dusty Springfield. London: Titan Books. ISBN 9780857681409.
  7. Cash Box Top 100 Singles, June 14, 1969
  8. Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), p. 592.
  9. "10 to 23 – José Feliciano – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  10. Hung, Steffen. "Dutch Charts". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  11. "World Music Charts". fantasticfeliciano.blogspot.it. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  12. "All Angels – All Angels – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  13. "The windmills of your mind". Openworldcat.org. 9 October 1969. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  14. "Songs of Love & Loss – Tina Arena – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  15. Cadet Records – LPS 825
  16. "April in Paris – Jeri Brown – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-21. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  18. "Portrait of Petula – Petula Clark – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  19. "The Windmills Of Your Mind — Jean — Ray Conniff". redmp3.cc. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  20. "Time and the River – David Sanborn – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  21. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  22. "Vinyl Album: John Davidson – My Cherie Amour (1969)". 45worlds.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  23. "Vinyl Album: Skeeter Davis – Mary Frances (1969)". 45worlds.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  24. "Recital At the Festival "The Golden Orpheus '71" (Live In Bulgaria) by Elaine Delmar on Apple Music". Itunews.apple.com. 11 October 1971. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  25. Jackson, Laura (2005). Neil Diamond: his life, his music, his passion. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550227079.
  26. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  27. "Connie Evingson". Connieevingson.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  28. "Watch What Happens When Laura Fygi Meets Michel Legrand – Laura Fygi – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  29. The Pittsburgh Press 30 March 1969
  30. "New Vintage – Peter Grant – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  31. "Albums « The Official Website Of Rigmor Gustafsson". rigmorgustafsson.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  32. Jazz Times Vol 38 #1-5 (2008) p.106
  33. 'http://www.peterjoback.com/diskografi_english.php?release_id=1007
  34. Billboard vol 83 #8 (20 February 1971) p.54
  35. "Windmills Of Your Mind — Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head — Eliza Keil". redmp3.cc. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  36. "Velvet Voices and Bold Brass – The Anita Kerr Singers – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  37. "Will Die for You by Kiki on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 31 January 2001. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  38. "Midnight Classics – Jason Kouchak". Jasonkouchak.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  39. "Albums by the KS – Page 8 – kingssing.com". Kingssing.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  40. "Acustico II by Kim Kuzma on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  41. "In My Dreams by Judith Lefeber on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 20 October 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  42. "Greatest Movie Hits – The Lettermen – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  43. "Many Grooves of Barbara Lewis – Barbara Lewis – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  44. "Over the Years – Abbey Lincoln – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  45. "Evolution Album Discography". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  46. Jazz Journal International (2004) p.25
  47. "With These Hands/A Million to One – The Manhattans – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  48. Billboard vol 81 #36 (6 September 1969) p. 20
  49. "Chez Toots – Toots Thielemans – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  50. "Music – Natalia Mateo". Natalia-mateo.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  51. "Love at the Movies – Jane McDonald – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  52. "20th Century Fox Album Discography, Part 4". bsnpubs.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  53. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  54. "Eva Mendes: "Jeder braucht einen Schutzengel"". Gala.de. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  55. "Falling in Love Again: Great Songs from the Movies – Nana Mouskouri – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  56. "Voice – Alison Moyet – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  57. "Everything Is Beautiful by Jim Nabors on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 1 August 1970. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  58. "Judy Page – Time And Love". intunes.ru. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  59. "Cinema – Elaine Paige – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  60. "Entanglements – Parenthetical Girls – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  61. "Ebony Woman – Billy Paul – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  62. https://www.discogs.com/George-Perris-Γιώργος-Περρής-LIVE/release/7818157
  63. "Pepe Willberg – Diskografia: 70's Radio Hits (Pepe & Paradise)". Saunalahti.fi. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  64. "When You Know – Dianne Reeves – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  65. "Parrot Album Discography". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  66. "Rita Reys Official Site – Discografie – Albums". Ritareys.eu. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  67. "Windmills of Your Mind – Jimmie F. Rodgers – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  68. "Kapp Album Discography, Part 7". Bsnpubs.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  69. "Once More With Feeling by Sandler & Young on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 2 June 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  70. "The Wonder of You – The Sandpipers – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  71. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-12. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  72. 1 2 "Comme Ci, Comme Ça – Janet Seidel – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  73. Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series vol 30 parts 12–13 #1 January – June 1976
  74. "The Movie Songbook – Sharleen Spiteri – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  75. "The Thomas Crown Affair [1999] [Original Score] – Bill Conti – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  76. "What Matters Most: Barbra Streisand Sings the Lyrics of Alan and Marilyn Bergman". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  77. "Swing Out Sister talk about new CD". Superdeluxeedition.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  78. "The Standard – Take 6 – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  79. "Shine – Becky Taylor – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  80. "Magic: Kiri Sings Michel Legrand". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  81. "A Time for Us (Love Theme From Romeo & Juliet) – Mel Tormé – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  82. "Windmills of My Mind – Grady Tate – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  83. "On My Way to You: Songs of Alan and Marilyn Bergman – Leslie Uggams – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  84. Wendt Jensen, Jacob (2012). Nina van Pallandt: Hellere tro på det gode en gang for meget. Copenhagen: People's Press. ISBN 9788771377415.
  85. "Rock & Roll – Vanilla Fudge – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  86. "Vintage by Vassilikos on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 4 December 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  87. "Helena Vondráčková – Isle of Helena". Vondrackova.cz. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  88. "Big Brass Four Poster by Kim Weston on Apple Music". Itunes.apple.com. 9 October 1970. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  89. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  90. Gramophone vol 50 (1973) p.1946
  91. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2014-10-02.
  92. Communications, Karo Web. "Frida Boccara". Retrojeunesse60.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  93. Communications, Karo Web. "Richard Anthony". vedettes70.retrojeunesse60.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  94. "Deezer". Deezer. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  95. Billboard vol 81 #15 (12 April 1969) p.70
  96. "Discographie_CD_Album". Anne-mariedavid.net. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  97. "Entre Elle et Lui – Natalie Dessay, Michel Legrand – Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  98. "celinedion.us". Celinedion.us. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  99. "Miss Dominique on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  100. Communications, Karo Web. "Claude François, discographie 2". Retrojeunesse60.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  101. "Comme d'Habitude – Jason Kouchak". Jasonkouchak.com. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  102. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-29. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  103. Communications, Karo Web. "Vicky Leandros". Retrojeunesse60.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  104. "Julia Migenes – Live at the Olympia". Compagniedudisque.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  105. Edwards, Adrian (9 January 2013). "I was born in love with you". Gramophone.co.uk. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  106. "Deezer". Deezer. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  107. Communications, Karo Web. "Ginette Reno, page 2". Retrojeunesse60.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  108. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  109. "Caterina Valente live". Openworldcat.org. 9 October 1975. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  110. "SYLVIE VARTAN / シルヴィ・バルタン / サバの女王 - diskunion.net ONLINE SHOP". ディスクユニオン通販サイト. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  111. "Amaury Vassili : « Je sais que je suis un produit »". Leparisien.fr. 26 December 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  112. "Clip de "Can't Help Falling In Love" : Vigon Bamy Jay rend hommage au King et à Erick Bamy". chartsinfrance.net. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  113. "Carol Welsman – Release Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  114. 1 2 "Helena Vondráčková - Ostrov Heleny Vondráčkové". Vondrackova.cz. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  115. "Helena Vondráčková - 風 の ささやき – Kaze no sasayaki". Vondrackova.cz. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  116. "Helena Vondráčková: Jazz miluju už od mládí". Denik.cz. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  117. "Hana Hegerová: Mlýnské kolo v srdci mém". supraphon.cz. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  118. 40, Stichting Nederlandse Top. "Herman Van Veen – Cirkels". Top40.nl. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  119. Chrispijn, Rob (2010). Nooit zongen vogels harder. Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar. ISBN 978-90-388-9328-0.
  120. "Zingt romantische sfeersongs – Marco Bakker". Muziekweb.nl. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  121. Arkel, Jan Giliam van. "Cirkels". Hansdorrestijn.nl. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  122. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  123. "Lill-Babs – Till Mina Vänner". intunes.ru. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  124. "Äkta vara – Anders Ekborg". andersekborg.nu. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  125. "Sommarbaravara – Anita Strandell". anitastrandell.se. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  126. "Ich glaub' an Dich – Vicky - CD-Album – 1969". Cd-lexikon.de. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  127. "Caterina Valente – Live – Neue Revue präsentiert den großen Tournee-Mitschnitt (1969)". Allerleibuntesausdeutschland.wordpress.com. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  128. "Wunder gibt es immer wieder – Katja Ebstein – CD-Album – 1970". Cd-lexikon.de. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  129. "Bibi Johns official homepage". Bibijohns.de. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  130. En Español at Discogs
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.