Luftwaffenhelfer

Hitler Youth operating an acoustic locator in early 1943.
Hitler Youth (Luftwaffenhelfer – born 1927) as crew for an anti-aircraft searchlight in Berlin (1943)
2cm-antiaircraft gun with Hitler Youth (Flakhelfer – born 1927) on the Flaktower Berlin-Gesundbrunnen (Humboldthain), 1943

A Luftwaffenhelfer, also commonly known as a Flakhelfer was, strictly speaking, any member of the auxiliary staff of the German Luftwaffe during World War II. Such terms often implied students conscripted as child soldiers.

Establishment

With a literal translation of "air force assistants", Luftwaffenhelfer came into being on January 22, 1943, following implementation of the decree Kriegshilfseinsatz der Jugend bei der Luftwaffe ("Youth War Assistance Service in the Air Force"). The order called for drafting whole school classes with male students born in 1926 and 1927 into a military corps, supervised by Hitler Youth and Luftwaffe personnel. The draft was later extended to include the 1928 and 1929 births. Deployment included ideological indoctrination by the Hitler Youth, military duties and limited continuation of the normal school curriculum, often by the original teachers.

While the official term was Luftwaffenhelfer (HJ), the term more commonly used is "Flakhelfer" (female: Flakhelferin) (Flak-helper). The 1926–1929 births are commonly referred to as the "Flakhelfer-Generation". In German ears the phrase associates with the collective and incisive experience of being torn out of conventional adolescent life (though under circumstances of total war) and being thrown into strict military service and extreme peril, when in the final phase of the war, the AA-batteries themselves became preferred targets of allied strafers.

In August 1944 some 660,000 regular male soldiers and 450,000 female helpers (anti-aircraft personnel) in all departments served with the Luftwaffe within the 'auxiliary antiaircraft defense'. Many of the girls came from the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), although they had to officially join the Wehrmacht, because it was forbidden for BDM-girls to do armed duty. In 1945, "Flakhelferinnen" and other female assistants were trained and allowed to carry weapons to defend themselves.

In Latvia

On April 1944 the Germans had requested the drafting of 7000 Latvian boys, aged 14–16, and 400 girls, all for service as Air Defense auxiliaries. However, the Self-Administration of Latvia refused and consented only to invite the youths to volunteer. As the situation at the Eastern Front worsened, in June and July the Self-Administration did agree to draft boys born in 1927 and 1928. From July 28 to September 9, 4139 boys were drafted, 525 of whom were volunteers.[1]

Cultural references

In the 1963 novel The Clown (original title: Ansichten eines Clowns) by German novelist Heinrich Böll, the sister of protagonist Hans Schnier, Henrietta, had been forced by her Nazified parents to volunteer as a Flakhelferin — and killed in action. As a result, Schnier retains great bitterness toward his mother who, after the war, suddenly transformed herself into a professed liberal humanist.[2]

Famous Luftwaffenhelfer

References

  1. ↑ Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. CHAPTER IX JULY 1941 TO MAY 8, 1945 Archived March 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Historia.lv.
  2. ↑ Böll, Heinrich. The Clown. Penguin Classics, 1994. ISBN 0-14-018726-X, 9780140187267

See also

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