Walkabout (magazine)

Walkabout was an Australian illustrated magazine published from 1934 to 1974 combining cultural, geographic, and scientific content with travel literature.^[1] Initially a travel magazine, in its forty-year run it featured a popular^[2] mix of articles by travellers, officials, residents, journalists, naturalists, anthropologists and novelists, illustrated by Australian photojournalists. Its title derived from the supposed ‘racial characteristic of the Australian aboriginal who is always on the move".

History

During the 1960s, the magazine and masthead were given a more contemporary design, with the slogan "Australia's Way of Life Magazine"

Ostensibly and initially a travel and geographic magazine published by the Australian National Travel Association (formed in 1929),^[3] Walkabout : Australia and the South Seas was named by ANTA director Charles Holmes. In its first issue of 1 Nov 1934,^[4] the editorial, signed by Charles (Chas) Lloyd Jones, chair of the board of David Jones and acting chairman of the Australian National Travel Association (ANTA), proclaimed its aim to educate its readers;

[I]n publishing ‘Walkabout’, we have embarked on an educational crusade which will enable Australians and the people of other lands to learn more of the romantic Australia that exists beyond the cities and the enchanted South Sea Islands and New Zealand^[5]

The income the Association derived from magazine sales provided for its other activities in promoting tourism, 'to place Australia on the world's travel map and keep it there.'^[6] It was assertively Australian^[7] in its ethos but took cues from other popular magazines of the period, such as the United States' National Geographic Magazine, and LIFE.

From August 1946, Walkabout also doubled as the official journal of the newly formed Australian Geographical Society (AGS), founded with a ₤5,000 grant from ANTA, its banner subscript reading 'Journal of the Australian Geographical Society'. This role is now filled by Australian Geographic magazine. Later it became ‘Australia's Way of Life Magazine’ when supported by the Australian National Publicity Association and later the Australian Tourist Commission.

Editorship

Charles Holmes was Walkabout’s founding managing editor, retiring in August 1957. From June 1936 he was paid £250 p.a. and C. S. Weetman was appointed associate editor at £100, with their allowances coming from the magazine's income and being conditional on its profitability. Basil Atkinson was editor until January 1960; then Graham Tucker followed by film critic and photojournalist Brian McArdle (1920-1968) from January 1961. In the following financial year subscribers to Walkabout came from 91 different countries. Under a new banner 'Australia's Way of Life Magazine' (after November 1961), modern dynamic layouts in a larger format (27 x 33 cm) and more lively captioning saw a brief peak in circulation to 50,000 in 1967 in response to more liberal human-interest and cultural content. McArdle consciously emulated the American Life magazine (1936-1972) and the French Réalités (1946-1979). In the 1960s the magazine spawned a number of book-length illustrated anthologies.^{[8][9][10][11]} After McArdle's illness and death, John Ross took on the editorship in December 1969 with various others filling the role, and the magazine format was reduced to 20 x 27.5 cm until it ceased publication in 1974.

Contributors

Writers included some of Australia's most significant authors, novelists, journalists and commentators:

Western Australian writer Henrietta Drake-Brockman originated the ‘Our Authors’ Page’,^[12] a full-page feature on a leading writer, which was given a leading position in each issue opposite the table of contents between 1950 and 1953.^[7]

A book review column ran almost continuously from 1953—1971 under the byline ‘Scrutarius’ (who was journalist H. C. (Peter) Fenton), totalling almost 200 columns and which reviewed usually four books per issue. The magazine thus provided a showcase of diverse Australian literature to a mostly 'middlebrow' audience that was otherwise ill-served by other periodicals and newspapers.^[7]

Photojournalism

ANTA recognised that the magazine it intended to publish would only be successful if it were well illustrated. Its 16th board meeting, held in Sydney in May 1934, passed a motion to employ a staff photographer for the purposes of improving "the quality of 'arresting pictures' that were being forwarded to overseas papers and magazines". Roy Dunstan, a Victorian Railways employee who was possibly known to the first editor Holmes, since both worked for the railways,^[7] was appointed on a salary of £9 per week with all expenses paid, increased to £10 per week from 1 September 1938.^[13]

Walkabout became an outlet for, and promoter of, Australian photojournalism. Stories were liberally illustrated each with up to fifteen quarter-, half- and full-page photographs in black and white, and from the 1960s, sepia and colour photographs. (Walkabout also sponsored a national artistic and aesthetic photography competition in 1957 with a One Hundred Pound first prize). The original photography segment was later called "Our Cameraman's Walkabout", "Australia and the South Pacific in Pictures" (briefly including New Zealand in the title), "Australia in Pictures", "Camera Supplement" and after 1961, "Australian Scene". It began with as many as 23 photographs spread over 6-8 pages, but dropped to 6-10 photographs in the 1960s. The segment was often devoted to a single topic and in the 1960s to single-topic double-page spreads.

Significant Australian photographers included in its pages were;

Photographs from Walkabout are indexed online at the National Library of Australia

Representation of indigenous Australians

A photograph of Gwoya Jungarai, known as One Pound Jimmy, by Walkabout staff photographer Roy Dunstan, cropped from his original full-length portrait.

The cover of the first issue of Walkabout featured a silhouette of an Aboriginal man taken (on Palm Island) by German-born British photographer Emil Otto Hoppé (1878–1972) who in 1930 was commissioned to document Australia’s ‘true spirit’ and toured extensively throughout the country, including Tasmania.^[14] Otherwise, the first edition includes no articles specifically on Aborigines but in accounting for the magazine’s name, it connected the magazine with an Aboriginal heritage:

The title has an ‘age-old’ background and signifies a racial characteristic of the Australian aboriginal who is always on the move. And so, month by month, through the medium of pen and picture, this journal will take you on a great ‘walkabout’ through a new and fascinating world below the Equator.^[15]

Walkabout's early to mid-century stance on depiction of Indigenous Australians was generally conservative, patronising, romantic, often racist and stereotyped,^[16] though mixed with some informed commentary and genuine concern (misguided and otherwise),^[7] in a reflection of the then prevailing national attitudes.^[17] Most issues were inclusive of Aborigines in photo spreads, more typically of Aborigines in so-called traditional poses or settings.

An instance (see: "The Language of Tourism") was Roy Dunstan's full-length portrait entitled "Jimmy" of 1935, standing heroically with a spear and gazing to the distance. 'Jimmy' was Gwoya Jungarai, a Walbiri man, but when his image, cropped to head and shoulders,^[18] appeared on the 1950 Australian stamp it was captioned just 'Aborigine'. Though belatedly named in an editorial essay, the deprecating moniker 'One Pound Jimmy' stuck.^[19]

However stereotyped or cursory such inclusions might have been,^[20] they did promote an understanding of an enduring and significant Aboriginal presence, and of a rich cultural heritage.^[21] Specialist essays, written for a general audience, covered topics including: Aboriginal art; black trackers; the peoples of the Torres Strait Islands and Groote Eylandt; missions; Aboriginal bird and place names; Aboriginal weapons and tools; poetry and ritual; the skills and division of labour in fishing, hunting and gathering activities; foodstuffs; Aboriginal pastoral workers; and sea craft.^[7]

Ion Idriess, Mary Durack and Ernestine Hill in their frequent writings for the magazine present complex and ambivalent attitudes to the indigenous. Despite their familiarity with Aborigines, they saw them as ‘vanishing’^[22] due to unexplained causes and agencies of which even Aborigines themselves were ignorant, and an insufficient birth rate to sustain their population, explained as an instinctual ‘racial suicide’.

Conversely, regular contributor Bill Harney, cattleman, former patrol officer and protector of Aborigines and father of Wardaman elder Bill Yidumduma Harney, penned sixteen articles over 1947–57 presenting an experienced and sympathetic view of the Aboriginal peoples of Australia’s Northern Territory alongside whom he worked and lived.

Anthropologists Ronald Berndt^[23] and Frederick McCarthy^{[24][25][26][27]} contributed learned articles, mostly on cultural artefacts. Ursula McConnel's three articles, all in successive issues during 1936 and drawn from fieldwork she had undertaken in Cape York from 1927 to 1934, provided particular insights into the impact on Aborigines experiencing the transition from traditional practices to mission life,^[28] frankly identifying ideological failures of policy by the missions' and government administrations and advancing several remedies to the damage she saw being caused to Aboriginal lives and cultures by 'civilisation'.^[7] Early articles by anthropologist Donald Thomson were based on his fieldwork in Cape York, northeast Arnhem Land and the Great Sandy Desert,^[29] and from 1949 he also contributed a series of ‘Nature Diaries’ on Australian flora and fauna, but he also expressed passionate advocacy for Aborigines out of his frustration with how Aborigines were treated and general contempt for them as little but savages, and his sympathy and deep respect for them and their cultures,^[7] writing that he ‘felt that [he] had more in common with these splendid and virile natives than with my own people’.^[30]

The magazine reviewed more enlightened literature as early as 1952, including poet Roland Robinson’s studies of traditional Aboriginal knowledge Legend and Dreaming as related to Roland Robinson by Men of the Djauan, Rimberunga, Mungarai-Ngalarkan and Yungmun Tribes of Arnhem Land (1952, with a foreword by A. P. Elkin)^[31] and children’s literature dealing with indigenous subjects, such as Rex Ingamells’s Aranda Boy (1952),^[32] the latter being praised for its readability and its politics in showing "that the Australian aboriginal is not merely a 'native'.”. In the column 'Our Authors' James Devaney’s popular historical novel The Vanished Tribes (1929), is described as ‘the first really successful treatment in creative prose of our Aboriginal theme, but it is as vitally human and beautifully written a book as we possess’.^[33]

By the sixties outrage in the Australian community at the injustice of apartheid in South Africa and consciousness of other social movements for civil rights changed attitudes^[34] to the indigenous population and eased the passing of the 1967 Referendum which was to override prejudicial state laws and open the way to advances in land rights,^[35][36] discriminatory practices,^[37] financial assistance,^[38][39] and preservation of cultural heritage.^[40] Despite the complexities of the Referendum, it received scant, and belated, mention in Walkabout in 1967.^[7] However, articles from this period more even-handedly acknowledged the colonial massacres ^[41] alongside more sympathetic, though still somewhat patronising, stories on the remote desert tribes,^[42] and more in-depth and academic discussion of the complex issues of alcohol and indigenous employment appeared,^[43] though much ink was devoted to debate over whether 'aborigine', 'Aborigine, or 'aboriginal' were correct English usage.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Writing about Walkabout's treatment of Australian indigenous people in their 2016 text,^[7] Mitchell Rolls and Anna Johnston conclude;

...it is in the manifest tensions between and within the various articles discussing Aborigines and their affairs, and those overtly critical of Aboriginal policy, that Walkabout’s contribution to Aboriginal representation and issues is best found. It is here where one finds the grist for a better and more empathic understanding of these contested and complex issues. In this way[...] Walkabout was doing ‘something immensely valuable’.

Cessation

In the 1970s, despite claiming to be 'The New Walkabout',^[48] the magazine was floundering, frequently changing its subtitle and editorship and in 1971 ANTA substantially increased its cover price from 40 cents to 50 cents a copy (a rise from $4.29 to $5.36 in 2017 values), but failed to turn a profit. In accounting for its demise, University of Queensland's Dr. Max Quanchi writes '...it finally struggled against mass circulation weekly and lifestyle magazines in the early 1970s...'. In fact, Walkabout outlived LIFE by two years, with both magazines, amongst many others, succumbing to increasing publication costs, decreasing subscriptions, and to competition from other media and newspaper supplements.

Bibliography

• Bolton, A. T. (ed.) WALKABOUT'S Australia : an anthology of articles and photographs from Walkabout magazine. Sydney: Ure Smith, 1964 ISBN T000019430
• McGuire, M. E. (1993), ‘Whiteman's walkabout’, Meanjin, [52:3]:517-525.
• Quanchi, Max (2004) Contrary images; photographing the new Pacific in Walkabout magazine. Journal of Australian Studies (79):73-88
• Rolls, Mitchell (2009): Picture imperfect: re-reading imagery of Aborigines in Walkabout, Journal of Australian Studies, (33:1): 19-35
• Rolls, M. (2010). Reading Walkabout in the 1930s. Australian Studies, 2.
• Rolls, Mitchell & Johnston, Anna, 1972-, (co-author.) (2016). Travelling home, Walkabout magazine and mid-twentieth-century Australia. London, UK New York, NY Anthem Press, an imprint of Wimbledon Publishing Company
• Russell, Lynette (1994), "Going Walkabout in the 1950's: images of 'traditional' Aboriginal Australia [in Walkabout magazine.]", Bulletin (Olive Pink Society), 6 (1): 4–8, ISSN 1037-0730

References