World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
Abbreviation WP.29
Formation 1952
Type Working Party
Legal status Active
Head
 RussiaBoris Kisulenko (2004 - present)
Parent organization
 UNECE Inland Transport Committee
Website UNECE Transport - WP29

The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations is a working party (WP.29)[1] of the Sustainable Transport Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). It is tasked with creating a uniform system of regulations, called UN Regulations, for vehicle design to facilitate international trade.

WP.29 was established in June 1952 as the "Working Party of experts on technical requirement of vehicles", while its current name was adopted in 2000.

The forum works on regulations covering vehicle safety, environmental protection, energy efficiency and theft-resistance.

1958 Agreement

The core of the Forum's work is based around the "1958 Agreement", formally titled "Agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions" (E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2, amended on 16 October 1995). This forms a legal framework wherein participating countries (contracting parties) agree on a common set of technical prescriptions and protocols for type approval of vehicles and components. These were formerly called "UNECE Regulations" or, less formally, "ECE Regulations" in reference to the Economic Commission for Europe. However, since many non-European countries are now contracting parties to the 1958 Agreement, the regulations are officially entitled "UN Regulations".[2][3] Each contracting party's type approvals are recognised by all other contracting parties.

Participating countries

The first signatories to the 1958 Agreement include Italy (March 28), Netherlands (March 30), Germany (June 19), France (June 26), Hungary (June 30), Sweden and Belgium. Originally, the agreement allowed participation of ECE member countries only, but in 1995 the agreement was revised to allow non-ECE members to participate. Current participants include European Union and its member countries, as well non-EU UNECE members such as Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Tunisia, and even remote territories such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

As of 2016, the participants to the 1958 Agreement, with their UN country code, were:.[4]

UN CodeCountryEffective dateNotes
1 Germany28 January 1965
2 France20 June 1959
3 Italy26 April 1963
4 Netherlands29 August 1960
5 Sweden20 June 1959
6 Belgium5 September 1959
7 Hungary2 July 1960
8 Czech Republic1 January 1993(formerly Czechoslovakia)
9 Spain10 October 1961
10 Serbia12 March 2001(formerly Yugoslavia)
11 United Kingdom16 March 1963
12 Austria11 May 1971
13 Luxembourg12 December 1971
14  Switzerland28 August 1973
15 DDR(expired in 1999)
16 Norway4 April 1975
17 Finland17 September 1976
18 Denmark20 December 1976
19 Romania21 February 1977
20 Poland13 March 1979
21 Portugal28 March 1980
22 Russian Federation17 February 1987
23 Greece5 December 1992
24 Ireland24 March 1998
25 Croatia8 October 1991
26 Slovenia25 June 1991
27 Slovakia1 January 1993
28 Belarus2 July 1995
29 Estonia1 May 1995
31 Bosnia and Herzegovina6 March 1992
32 Latvia18 January 1999
34 Bulgaria21 January 2000
35 Kazakhstan8 January 2011
36 Lithuania29 March 2002
37 Turkey27 February 1996
39 Azerbaijan14 June 2002
40 Republic of Macedonia17 November 1991
42 European Union24 March 1998
43 Japan24 November 1998
45 Australia25 April 2000
46 Ukraine30 June 2000
47 South Africa17 June 2001
48 New Zealand26 January 2002
49 Cyprus1 May 2004
50 Malta1 May 2004
51 South Korea31 December 2004
52 Malaysia4 April 2006
53 Thailand1 May 2006
54 Albania5 November 2011
56 Montenegro3 June 2006
57 San Marino26 January 2016
58 Tunisia1 January 2008
60 Georgia25 May 2015
62 Egypt3 February 2013

Most countries, even if not formally participating in the 1958 agreement, recognise the UN Regulations and either mirror the UN Regulations' content in their own national requirements, or permit the import, registration, and use of UN type-approved vehicles, or both. The United States and Canada are the two significant exceptions; the UN regulations are generally not recognised and UN-compliant vehicles and equipment are not authorised for import, sale, or use in the two regions, unless they are tested to be compliant with the region's car safety laws, or for limited non driving use (e.g. car show displays).[5]

Type approval

Two types of EU markings: top - according to UN regulations, bottom - according to EC directives

The 1958 Agreement operates on the principles of type approval and reciprocal recognition. Any country that accedes to the 1958 Agreement has authority to test and approve any manufacturer's design of a regulated product, regardless of the country in which that component was produced. Each individual design from each individual manufacturer is counted as one individual type. Once any acceding country grants a type approval, every other acceding country is obliged to honor that type approval and regard that vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment as legal for import, sale and use. Items type-approved according to a UN Regulation are marked with an E and a number, within a circle. The number indicates which country approved the item, and other surrounding letters and digits indicate the precise version of the regulation met and the type approval number, respectively.

Although all countries' type approvals are legally equivalent, there are real and perceived differences in the rigour with which the regulations and protocols are applied by different national type approval authorities. Some countries have their own national standards for granting type approvals, which may be more stringent than called for by the UN regulations themselves. Within the auto parts industry, a German (E1) type approval, for example, is regarded as a measure of insurance against suspicion of poor quality or an undeserved type approval.[6]

UN Regulations

As of 2015, there are 135 UN Regulations appended to the 1958 Agreement; most regulations cover a single vehicle component or technology. A partial list of current regulations applying to passenger cars follows (different regulations may apply to heavy vehicles, motorcycles, etc.)

General lighting

  • R3 — Retroreflecting devices
  • R4 — Illumination of rear registration plates
  • R6 — Direction indicators
  • R7 — Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps
  • R19 — Front fog lamps
  • R23 — Reversing lights
  • R37 — Filament lamps (bulbs) (See: Automotive lamp types)
  • R38 — Rear fog lamps
  • R48 — Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices
  • R77 — Parking lamps
  • R87 — Daytime running lamps
  • R91 — Side marker lamps
  • R119 — Cornering lamps
  • R123 — AFS lamps
  • R128 — LED light sources

Headlamps

  • R1 - Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam, equipped with R2 or HS1 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
  • R5 - Sealed Beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
  • R8 - Headlamps equipped with replaceable single-filament tungsten-halogen bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
  • R20 - Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with halogen double-filament H4 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
  • R31 — Halogen sealed beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
  • R45 — Headlamp cleaners
  • R98 — Headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources
  • R99 — Gas-discharge light sources for use in approved gas-discharge lamp units of power-driven vehicles (See: Automotive lamp types)
  • R112 — Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs
  • R113 — Headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs

Instrumentation/controls

  • R35 — arrangement of foot controls
  • R39 — speedometer equipment
  • R46 — rear-view mirrors
  • R79 — steering equipment

Crashworthiness

  • R11 — door latches and door retention components
  • R13-H — braking (passenger cars)
  • R13 — braking (trucks and busses)
  • R14 — safety belt anchorages
  • R16 — safety belts and restraint systems
  • R17 — seats, seat anchorages, head restraints
  • R27 — advance-warning triangles
  • R42 — front and rear protective devices (bumpers, etc.)
  • R43 — safety glazing materials and their installation on vehicles
  • R94 — protection of the occupants in the event of a frontal collision
  • R95 — protection of the occupants in the event of a lateral collision
  • R116 — protection of motor vehicles against unauthorized use
  • R129 — enhanced child restraint systems (ECRS)

Environmental compatibility

  • R10 — electromagnetic compatibility
  • R15 — emissions and fuel consumption (superseded by R83, R84 and R101)
  • R24 — engine power measurement, smoke emissions, engine type approval
  • R51 — noise emissions
  • R68 — measurement of the maximum speed
  • R83 — emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements
  • R84 — measurement of fuel consumption
  • R85 — electric drive trains — measurement of the net power and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains
  • R100 — approval of battery electric vehicles with regard to specific requeriments for the construction, Functional Safety and hydrogen emission.[7]
  • R101 — measurement of the emission of carbon dioxide and fuel consumption
  • R117 — rolling sound emissions of tyres

Tyres & wheels

  • R30 — Tyres for passenger cars and their trailers
  • R54 — Tyres for commercial vehicles and their trailers
  • R64 — Temporary use spare unit, run flat tyres, run flat-system and tyre pressure monitoring
  • R75 — Tyres for motorcycles/mopeds
  • R88 — Retroreflective tyres for two-wheeled vehicles
  • R106 — Tyres for agricultural vehicles
  • R108 — Retreaded tyres for passenger cars and their trailers
  • R109 — Retreaded tyres for commercial vehicles and their trailers
  • R124 — Replacement wheels for passenger cars

North America

The most notable non-signatory to the 1958 Agreement is the United States, which has its own Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and does not recognise UN type approvals. However, both the United States and Canada are parties to the 1998 Agreement. UN-specification vehicles and components which do not also comply with the US regulations therefore cannot be imported to the US without extensive modifications. Canada has its own Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, broadly similar to the US FMVSS, but Canada does also accept UN-compliant headlamps and bumpers. It should be noted, however, that the impending Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement between Canada and the European Union could see Canada recognise more UN Regulations as acceptable alternatives to the Canadian regulations.[8] Canada currently applies 14 of the 17 ECE main standards as allowable alternatives - the exceptions at this point relate to motorcycle controls and displays, motorcycle mirrors, and electronic stability control for passenger cars. These three remaining groups will be allowed in Canada by the time the ratification of the trade deal occurs.

Self-certification

Rather than a UN-style system of type approvals, the US and Canadian auto safety regulations operate on the principle of self-certification, wherein the manufacturer or importer of a vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment certifies—i.e., asserts and promises—that the vehicle or equipment complies with all applicable federal or Canada Motor Vehicle Safety, bumper and antitheft standards.[9] No prior verification is required by a governmental agency or authorised testing entity before the vehicle or equipment can be imported, sold, or used. If reason develops to believe the certification was false or improper — i.e., that the vehicle or equipment does not in fact comply — then authorities may conduct tests and, if a noncompliance is found, order a recall and/or other corrective and/or punitive measures. Vehicle and equipment makers are permitted to appeal such penalties, but this is a difficult direction.[10] Non-compliances found that are arguably without effect to highway safety may be petitioned to skip recall (remedy and notification) requirements for vehicles already produced.[11]

Regulatory differences

A comparison of European (top) and US (bottom) headlamp configuration on similar-year Citroën DS cars

Historically, one of the most conspicuous differences between UN and US regulations was the design and performance of headlamps. The Citroën DS shown here illustrates the large differences in headlamps during the 1940-1983 era when US regulations required sealed beam headlamps.[12] [13] It is not currently possible to produce a single car design that fully meets both UN and US requirements simultaneously,[14] but it is growing easier as technology and both sets of regulations evolve. Given the size of the US vehicle market, and differing marketing strategies in North America vs. the rest of the world, many manufacturers produce vehicles in three versions: North American, rest-of-world right-hand drive (RHD) and rest-of-world left-hand-drive (LHD).[14]

1998 Agreement

The "Agreement concerning the Establishing of Global Technical Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be fitted and/or be used on Wheeled Vehicles", or 1998 Agreement, is a subsequent agreement. Following its mission to harmonize vehicle regulations, the UNECE solved the main issues (Administrative Provisions for Type approval opposed to self-certification and mutual recognition of Type Approvals) preventing non-signatory Countries to the 1958 Agreement to fully participate to its activities.

The 1998 Agreement is born to produce meta regulations called Global Technical Regulations without administrative procedures for type approval and so, without the principle of mutual recognition of Type Approvals. The 1998 Agreement stipulates that Contracting Parties will establish, by consensus vote, United Nations Global Technical Regulations (UN GTRs) in a UN Global Registry. The UN GTRs contain globally harmonized performance requirements and test procedures. Each UN GTR contains extensive notes on its development. The text includes a record of the technical rationale, the research sources used, cost and benefit considerations, and references to data consulted. The Contracting Parties use their nationally established rulemaking processes when transposing UN GTRs into their national legislation. The 1998 Agreement currently has 33 Contracting Parties and 14 UN GTRs that have been established into the UN Global Registry.[15]

2013 Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (proposed)

As part of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations, the issues of divergent standards in automobile regulatory structure are being investigated. TTIP negotiators are seeking to identify ways to narrow the regulatory differences, potentially reducing costs and spurring additional trade in vehicles.[9]

OICA

Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA) hosts on its web site the working documents from various United Nations expert groups including World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Transport - Transport - UNECE" (PDF). www.unece.org.
  2. ↑ "WP.29 - Introduction - Transport - UNECE". www.unece.org.
  3. ↑ The End of the 'ECE' Era, Driving Vision News, 29 August 2011
  4. ↑ "Status of the 1958 Agreement(and of the annexed regulations)".
  5. ↑ "Grey market cars: Everything you need to know to avoid seeing your ride get crushed". 30 August 2013.
  6. ↑ "Marketing emphasis on German E1 type approval" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  7. ↑ "Text of the 1958 Agreement - Transport - UNECE" (PDF). www.unece.org.
  8. ↑ "CETA Means Big Changes For Canadian Automotive Industry". 18 October 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  9. 1 2 https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=751039
  10. ↑ "Press Releases".
  11. ↑ "eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations". www.ecfr.gov.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-29. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  13. ↑ "1971 Citröen DS". 12 January 2015.
  14. 1 2 Orlove, Raphael. "A Simple Explanation Why America Doesn't Get European Hatchbacks".
  15. ↑ "Global Technical Regulations(GTRs)of UNECE". Retrieved 2014-02-05.
  16. ↑ "OICA un-expert-group-documents". Oica.net. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
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